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                           *       *       *







                               P A G E 8

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                              Version 7-B


                        PROGRAM REFERENCE MANUAL
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                              Nov.16, 1994



                PAGE8  and  PAGE8 Manual Copyright  (C),
                1978 by DEWAR INFORMATION  SYSTEMS  COR-
                PORATION.  This manual may be reproduced
                in whole  or in  part provided  that all
                such  copies  contain   this   copyright
                                notice.







                This  manual was  generated with  DISC's
                Automatic cross-referencing and Indexing
                   Document generator program (ACID)






                 DEWAR INFORMATION SYSTEMS CORPORATION
                           1010 Executive Ct
                           Westmont, IL 60559
                        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                           Phone 708-850-4350


P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 1 of 90 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. MACRO FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2. AUTOMATIC PAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3. EXPRESSION ANALYZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4. CONSTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.5. ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.6. FIELD ADDRESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.7. ERROR DETECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.8. CROSS ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.9. CROSS-REFERENCE DIRECTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.10. EXTERNAL SYMBOL DIRECTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.11. LITERAL REFERENCE COUNTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.12. LOCAL SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. USING PAGE8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. PAGE8 RUN-TIME OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. PAGE8 CHARACTER SET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. PAGE8 EXPRESSION RULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6. PAGE8 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE HIERARCHY . . . . . . . . . . 9 7. PAGE8 SYMBOLS, CONSTANTS AND LITERALS . . . . . . . . . 10 7.1. SYMBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.2. SEQUENCE SYMBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.3. LOCAL SYMBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.4. UNTYPED CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.5. TYPED CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.6. SINGLE ASCII CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 7.7. DOUBLE ASCII CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 7.8. LITERALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8. PAGE8 SOURCE STATEMENT FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9. PAGE8 ERROR, WARNING AND STATUS FLAGS . . . . . . . . . 12 10. WARNING AND STATUS FLAGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 11. OTHER PAGE8 ASSEMBLY ERRORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 12. GENERAL NOTES ON THE PAGE8 INSTRUCTION SET . . . . . . . 19 13. ISZ AND INC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 14. OPERATE INSTRUCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 15. SUBROUTINES IN PAGE8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 16. PAGE8 LIST OUTPUT FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 17. CROSS REFERENCE DIRECTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 18. INDIRECT RUN-TIME REFERENCE OPERATOR . . . . . . . . . . 25
19. PAGE8 MACRO PROCESSOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 19.1. DEFAULT MACRO ARGUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 19.2. MACRO BODY STATEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 19.3. SYMBOLIC CONCATENATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 19.4. COMMENT FIELDS IN MACRO DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . 28 19.5. LABEL FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 19.6. MACRO CALL LISTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 19.7. BACKWARDS ASSEMBLY BRANCHES IN A MACRO . . . . . . . . 29 19.8. INDIRECT, NUMERIC ARGUMENT REPLACEMENT . . . . . . . . 30 19.9. INDIRECT, SYMBOLIC REPLACEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 19.10. NESTING OF MACROS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 19.11. MACRO CALLING SEQUENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 19.12. NULL ARGUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 19.13. MACRO LIBRARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 19.14. LOCAL MACRO SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 2 of 90 19.15. CHARACTER STRING PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 20. PAGE8 DIRECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 20.1. AFIELD (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 20.2. AGO (SEQUENCE SYMBOL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 20.3. AIF (EXPRESSION),(SEQUENCE SYMBOL) . . . . . . . . 37 20.4. ALIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 20.5. ANOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 20.6. AREAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 20.7. AS (EXPRESSION),(EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . 41 20.8. BYTE (EXPRESSION),(EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . 42 20.9. CREF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 20.10. DC (EXPRESSION),(EXPRESSION),(EXPRESSION),... . . 44 20.11. DI (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 20.12. DSEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 20.13. DSI (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 20.14. EJECT (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 20.15. END . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 20.16. (SYMBOL) EQU (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 20.17. ERM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 20.18. ERROR: (USER-DEFINED ERROR MESSAGE) . . . . . . . . . 52 20.19. FIELD (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 20.20. FILE (SOURCE PROGRAM NAME) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 20.21. FREE (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 20.22. GAP (EXPRESSION),(EXPRESSION),(EXPRESSION) . . . . 56 20.23. ISEC (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 20.24. LFIELD (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 20.25. LINK (OPERATION CODE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 20.26. LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 20.27. LISTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 20.28. LISTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 20.29. LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 20.30. MACRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 20.31. MEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 20.32. MEXIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 20.33. MONR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 20.34. (SYMBOL) MSCAN (EXPRESSION),(DUMMY MACRO AGRUMENT) . 68 20.35. MSKIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 20.36. NOCREF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 20.37. NOLIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
20.38. NOLISTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 20.39. NOLISTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 20.40. NOTE: (USER-DEFINED MESSAGE) . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 20.41. ORG (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 20.42. PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 20.43. PART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 20.44. PUNCH (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 20.45. (SYMBOL) QUT (EXPRESSION),(EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . 79 20.46. RADIX (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 20.47. RET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 20.48. ROOM (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 20.49. (SYMBOL) SET (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 20.50. (SYMBOL) SUB (EXPRESSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 20.51. TEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 20.52. TITLE (USER-DEFINED SUB-TITLE) . . . . . . . . . . . 86 20.53. UNLINK (OPERATION CODE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 21. ALPHABETIC LISTING OF ALL DEFINED OPERATION CODES . . . 88
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 3 of 90 1. Introduction PAGE8 is an extremely powerful two-pass macroassembler that runs under OS/8 with the following special features: 1.1. Macro Facility PAGE8 implements all of the features of large scale assembler posi- tional macros, including forward and backward conditional and uncondi- tional assembly branches, nesting, concatenation and character string manipulation. Macro libraries can be conventiently handled with PAGE8. 1.2. Automatic Paging PAGE8 automatically and optimally paginates the source input program so that the object code fits into the PDP-8 memory addressing scheme. 1.3. Expression Analyzer PAGE8 contains an expression analyzer that analyzes expressions accor- ding to standard rules of precedence. Parentheses may be used to change the order of evaluation. 5 arithmetic, 3 logical, 6 relational, 2 shift and several special unary operators are provided. 1.4. Constants PAGE8 handles binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal constants in addition to two types of ASCII constants. 1.5. Assembler Directives PAGE8 contains an extensive set of more than 50 assembler directives that can be used to control all phases of the source assembly. 1.6. Field Addressing PAGE8 treats the PDP-8 as a 32K processor and provides full assembler support for symbolocally addressing all of the available memory. 1.7. Error Detection PAGE8 incorporates a comprehensive error detection, warning and status scheme that flags virtually all symtactic errors and many semantic errors in the source program. Once detected, remedial action is taken whenever possible to ensure that the final object code can be easily patched. 1.8. Cross Assembly With its extensive features, PAGE8 can actually be used (and HAS been used) as a reasonable macro assembler for other computers.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 4 of 90 1.9. Cross-Reference Directory PAGE8 automatically supplies a detailed croos-reference directory to supplement the listing pass output. All errors, warnings and symbolic references are collated. In the case of a symbolic reference, flags are posted indicating whether the reference could change the value of the addressed location (i.e. a destructive reference) and the type of reference (literal, I/O, field reference etc.). 1.10. External Symbol Directory As a run-time option, PAGE8 has the capability of generating an ex- ternal symbol directory of all symbols, or just global symbols, that were defined in the program. This symbol directory can then be used as an input source file to assemble other programs that need the values of those defined symbols. 1.11. Literal Reference Counts When the current page literal pool is output, PAGE8 lists a count of the number of references that used that literal. This is extremely useful when patches are being made since the programmer can be im- mediately alerted to a possibly unexpected use of the same literal elsewhere on the page. 1.12. Local Symbols PAGE8 incorporates local symbols which relieve the programmer from having to invent symbolic labels that have no meaning in the program. In addition, PAGE8 posts reference counts to local symbols which specify the number of times that local symbol has been referenced. 2. Using PAGE8 The PAGE8 assembler requires an OS/8 system with a minimum of 16K of memory on either a PDP-8/e or PDP-8/I type computer. Separate two-page device handlers are permitted for both input and output. All of the available memory above the first 12K of program space is used for the master symbol table (unless an explicit memory directive has been issued to OS/8). This allows about 700-850 symbols in each 4K memory field under normal conditions. When called, the PAGE8 assembler brings in the OS/8 Command Decoder to get a file specification list for the assembly. PAGE8 will also sup- port a direct call from OS/8 CCL if "PAGE8" is substituted for "PAL8" in the appropriate CCL tables. Up to three output and nine input files may be entered to the Command Decoder. The first output file is for the binary output and is gen- erated in a format suitable for the standard binary loader or the OS/8 ABSLDR program. The second and third output files are used for the listing. If the second output device fills, PAGE8 automatically out- puts and End-of-File, closes the file and switches to the third output device. The pass 3 list output should be on a device other than SYS:, since SYS: is used for the temporary cross-reference file (CROSS.TM) which
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 5 of 90 is also build during pass 3. Failure to observe this precaution will result in a totally scrambled listing and cross-reference directory. If a carriage return is typed after the * of the Command Decoder, PAGE8 outputs a two page help file on the master terminal. Striking any character on the keyboard suppresses the listing of the help file. The help file contains a list of all the error flags and their meaning along with a list of all the run-time options in PAGE8. At the start of each pass, PAGE8 identifies the pass on the master terminal. If no object code is to be generated, PAGE8 proceeds dir- ectly to pass 3. Three passes are only needed when both the object code and assembly listing are to be generated at the same time. At the end of the third pass, PAGE8 chains to the program HPSORT.7A which handles the sort/merge of the cross-reference file and generates the cross-reference directory and external symbols directory (depending on the run-time options that were in effect). The current assembly location counter is displayed in the MQ register if one exists. Due to the complexity of this assembler, the rate at which source statements are processed is somewhat slower than PAL8 on small programs. On large programs, or programs where there is a sig- nificant crross-reference directory, PAGE8 is considerably faster than PAL8. Unlike CREF, PAGE8 can handle arbitrarily large programs since an external sort (modified TREESORT4) is used for the cross-reference directory. The source program syntax is slightly different from that of PAL8. If an existing PAL8 program is to be assembled under PAGE8, some minor conversions will be needed. In almost all cases, however, such conver- sions can be quickly handled with the TECO editor program. Although any text editor program can be used to prepare the source program (such as TECO or EDIT), there are several advantages in using DISC's ICE editor (Intelligent Correction Editor). ICE command syntax is virtually identical to EDIT, but has the advantage of being far faster, providing automatic file backup and space warning, in addition to keeping track of both the new and the original line numbers in a program. Furthermore, the ICE editor can post flags on modified or deleted statements which are then picked up by PAGE8 and posted on the assembly listing as warnings. This way, the programmer has a cross- reference of all modified and deleted statements from the most recent editing pass through the source program. 3. PAGE8 Run-Time Options The following special run-time options may be used in the command string typed in to the OS/8 Command Decoder: /A Abort assembly upon detecting an error in the source pro- gram. The line in error is listed before PAGE8 returns to the OS/8 Keyboard Monitor.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 6 of 90 /C Remove all comment fields and comment statements from the list output. /D Generate an external symbol directory of all symbols used in the program. HPSORT generates an external symbol dir- ectory file on the system device (SYS:) with the extension of .SD. This file can then be used as an input file for subsequent assemblies of programs which need this set of equivalences. If there is no name for the pass 3 list output file (viz. LPT was used as the output device), the file is given the name: NONAME.SD. /E List all the pass 1 errors and/or pass 1 output on the pass 3 listing device with the same file name but the extension of .LX. Pass 1 errors are normally listed on the master terminal. /F Replace the cross-reference directory with a simple symbol table listing. This feature may be necessary in cases where there is not sufficient room on the system device for the temporary cross-reference file (CROSS.TM). It may also be necessary in cases where the listing pass output has to be placed on the system device. In the latter case, it would be possible to run the listing and cross-refer- ence directory separately. /G This option is identical to /D except that only global symbols are included in the external symbol directory. /G is the normal option for general symbol directories. /H Hexadecimal output. If this option is chosen, PAGE8 out- puts all addresses and assembled code in hexadecimal in- stead of octal on the final list output from pass 3. This option is useful to programmers more familiar with hex- adecimal than octal, or when PAGE8 is being used as a cross-assembler for a hexadecimal-oriented computer. /I Generate an index of contents. This option produces an index of all the FILE and TITLE statements with the file/section/line numbers. The index of contents is gen- erated during pass 1, and the outputs appears on the pass 3 list device with the same file name but an extension of .LX. /J List all statements. Normally statements such as EJECT, TITLE, FILE, LIST etc. are not listed. The /J option forces all statements to be listed. Note that even when statements are not listed, the line numbers are correctly updated. /L Suppress the entire listing except for the symbol dir- ectory. Only NOTE: statements and statements with errors will be listed.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 7 of 90 /M Assume that only an 80 column printer is available for the cross-reference directory. HPSORT normally uses the entire 132 column width of a line printer for the listing. /P Pass 1 list. This option causes the pass 1 output to be listed on the console (or on the output device if the /E option is also included). This is primarily an internal diagnostic tool, but it can be useful in debugging complex macros. /S Suppress the listing of the symbol directory. The symbol directory normally appears on the pass 3 list device with the same name but the extension of .CF. The /S option does not inhibit generation of an external symbol directory via the /D or /G options. /T Title suppression. This option suppresses the listing of the PAGE8 title and subtitle lines. Page ejects will also be suppressed. /W Warnings as errors. This option instructs PAGE8 to treat all warnings as errors. Any warning statements will then be flagged as errors and listing in all passes along with the error asterisks. Combined with the /L option, this provides a convenient way of getting a quick listing of all statements on which warnings have been posted. /Y Suppress listing of un-referenced symbols in the symbol directory. If a symbol is defined but never used, this options inhibits the appearance of this symbol in the dir- ectory. It is most useful when a large external synbol directory is being assembled along with a program. In this case there may be many definitions that are not needed by the program and the /Y option prevednts their cluttering up the cross-reference directory. = Set default page eject count. Normally, an EJECT statement without an expression is unconditional. If a default eject count is supplied with this option, PAGE8 treats such EJECT directives as conditional page ejects (see EJECT directive for more details on conditional page ejects).
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 8 of 90 4. PAGE8 Character Set Numeric Characters: digits 0-9 Alphabetic Characters: letters `a' to `z' and `:' Special Characters: * Current location counter *-+/ Arithmetic operators = Defines current page literal expression # Defines a page zero literal expression . Delimits logical, shift and relational operators . Identifies a sequence symbol , Separates expressions ' Delimits a typed or ASCII constant () Delimits a parenthetical expression $ Identifies a global or macro symbol or absolute add- ress reference & Defines an indirect run-time assembly reference % Unary symbolic operator to extract field address " Identifies a double ASCII constant ? Unary symbolic definition operator or macro substitute <> Delimits dummy macro arguments ! Identifies the listing line for a macro call ; Delimits start of a strippable macro comment : As the first character of a symbol, inhibits appear- ance in the cross-reference directory 5. PAGE8 Expression Rules An expression consists of any number of symbols or numeric constants separated by legal PAGE8 operators. All expressions are evaluated accorlding to normal rules of precedence. Operators at the same pre- cedence level that are adjacent are evaluated from left to right. The normal order of evaluation may be altered by the use of parentheses. Unary operators may appear before any symbols or numeric constants or parenthetic expressions. If an expression is too complex (excessive nesting of parenthetic expressions etc.) the E error flag is posted.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 9 of 90 6. PAGE8 Operator Precedence Hierarchy In the table below, 1 represents the highest precedence and 8 rep- resents the lowest precedence. All operators are listed in order of increasing binding power. OPERATOR TYPE PRECEDENCE OPERATION -------- ---- ---------- --------- .XO. Logical 8 Exclusive OR .OR. Logical 7 Inclusive OR .AN. & Logical 6 Logocal AND .LS. Shift 5 Left Shift .RS. Shift 5 Right Shift .LT. Relational 4 Less than .LE. Relational 4 Less than or equal .EQ. Relational 4 Equal .NE. Relational 4 Not equal .GE. Relational 4 Greater than or equal .GT. Relational 4 Greater than + Arithmetic 3 Binary addition - Arithmetic 3 Binary subtraction * Arithmetic 2 Binary multiplication / Arithmetic 2 Binary division .MO. Arithmetic 2 Binary modulus + Arithmetic 1 Unary addition - Arithmetic 1 Unary subtraction
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 10 of 90 7. PAGE8 Symbols, Constants and Literals 7.1. SYMBOL A symbol consists of an alphabetic character followed by any number of alphabetic or numeric characters.L There is no limit on the length and all characters are significant. Only the first 11 characters, however, will appear in the cross-reference directory. 7.2. SEQUENCE SYMBOL A sequence symbol consists of a period followed by a symbol. Unlike address labels, sequence symbols may be used in the label field of almost all PAGE8 directives. 7.3. LOCAL SYMBOL A local symbol consists of a digit from 0-9 followed by an `H' (mean- ing `here') in the label field. In the operand field, a digit from 0-9 is followed by either an `F' (for `forwards') or a `B' (for `back- wards') in order to reference the next or previous local symbol lthat has the same digit. A detailed decription of local symbols and their usage may be found in volume 1 of Knuth's `THE ART OF COMPUTER PRO- GRAMMING'. Local symbols may also be used in the label field of the SET, EQU and QUT directives. A local macro symbol is identical to a normal local symbol except that it is prefixed in all cases with a dollar sign ($). 7.4. UNTYPED CONSTANT An untyped constant consists of a string of decimal digits whose value lies in the range: 0-4095 (decimal). Note that untyped, decimal con- stants are treated as signed numbers. If the value of the constant is greater than 2047 (decimal), the Z warning will bed posted to indicate that a sign change has occurred. The value of the constant will, however, be correct. The RADIX directive controls the base of untyped constants (the default value is 10). If the untyped constant begins with a leading zero, this is tgreated as an alternate way of expres- sing an octal constant. The sign change warning is not posted on untyped constants when the radix is something other than decimal. 7.5. TYPED CONSTANT A typed constant consists of a letter identifying the radix of the constant followed by a string of digits or hexadecimal characters (A-F) in the range 0-4095 (decimal) enclosed within single quotes. Binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal constants are allowed: X'FF' Hexadecimal constant O'73' Octal constant B'110110' Binary constant D'984' Decimal constant
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 11 of 90 7.6. SINGLE ASCII CONSTANT A single ASCII constant consists of a quote followed by an character from the PAGE8 character set. All characters in the range 240 (octal) to 337 (octal) are allowed. Character codes are generated with the parity bit always set to 1. Macros may be used to generate ASCII constants with parity. 7.7. DOUBLE ASCII CONSTANT A double ASCII constant consists of a double quote followed by any two characters from the PAGE8 character set. The two characters are trun- cated to 6-bit ASCII and combined to form a single 12-bit value. For example, "QX would have the value 2130 (octal). 7.8. LITERALS Any legal PAGE8 expression may be preceded by either an equals sign or a number sign to indicate that the expression should be taken liter- ally. PAGE8 evaluates the expression, inserts the value into the app- ropriate literal pool (either on the current page if `=', or page zero if `#') and uses the address of the literal in the operand field. Literals are allowed with any operation codes or directives. Literals can also be used to force explicit indirect memory references. In the event thatg the operand is located in a different memory field, PAGE8 requires an explicit indirect memory reference to a literal in order to avoid the posting of the K error flag (illegal cross field refer- ence). For example: TAD TABLE would be illegal if TABLE is located in a different memory field. TADI =TABLE would be the correct method of ref- erencing TABLE under these conditions. 8. PAGE8 Source Statement Format The source program for input to PAGE8 should adhere to the following specifications: 1. A comment line is identified by the presence of an asterisk (*) or a slash (/) in column one of the state- ment. A blank line consisting of just a CR/LF is per- mitted. 2. If a label is present, it must begin in column one; other- wise, column one should be blank. A comma is allowed after the label (as in PAL8) but it is not required by PAGE8. 3. The operation code must appear no later than 20 character positions after the last character in the label field (or from column one, if there is no label on the statement).
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 12 of 90 4. The operand field must appear no later than 10 character positions after the last character of the operation code. 5. The comment field is separated from the operand field by one or more blanks. No special character is required to identify the start of the comment field. The only excep- tion to the `one-blank' rule involves operation instruc- tions. Operate instructions must be separated by two or more blanks from the comment field since a single blank after an operate instruction indicates that another oper- ate instruction is to be micro-coded. 6. If an optional operand field is omitted, the comment field should lie at least 10 character positions after the oper- ation code. 7. A source statement should not contain more than 80 char- actgers. If there are more than 80 characters, the remain- ing characters are stripped and the X warning flag will be posted. 8. Some of these specifications are slightly different inside a macro definition. For example, in a macro definition, comment fields are generally (but not necessarily) deli- mited with a semicolon. The documentation on the macro facility describes these differences in detail. 9. On input, all lower case characters are folded to upper case and are therefore legal. Invalid control characters are replaced with a square bracket (]). 9. PAGE8 Error, Warning and Status Flags Error, warning and status flags consist of a single character that appears between the line number and the address. A maximum of four flags will be posted on a single line, although the total error count will continue to be incremented and cross-references accumulated. Error flags always increment the error count and cause two asterisks to appear in the left margin; warning and status flags do neither. The following error flags may be posted by the PAGE8 assembler: A Autopaging exception error. An attempt was made to refer- ence a symbol located on a page other than the current page or page zero with an indirect memory reference. A paging link is generated on the current page with a value of zero and an indirect reference assembled to it. In PAGE8 pro- grams, it is generally best to reserve a small set of tem- porary cells on page zero through which explicit indirect references may always be executed without addressing pro- blems. B An attempt has been made to resetr either the assembly ori- gin or the assembly field backwards within a given ISEC area. Due to constraints of automatic paging, PAGE8 will not allow this to happen. A HLT instruction is assembled instead, so that the memory address can be readily
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 13 of 90 identified. Efficient use of the two ISEC areas and the relocation directives effectively removed this restriction. C An illegal character was found in an expression when PAGE8 was scanning for an operand. The most likly cause of the error is adjacent operators or an incorrect number of sub- expressions in the operand field. D Duplicate symbolic label. PAGE8 found a symbolic label which had either been used previously as a label or which had been previously defined via an EQU, QUT or SET dir- ective. E Expression is too complex (expression analyzer stack over- flowed). The expression must be broken down into two (or more) simpler expressions. F Error in number of Fields. PAGE8 found an incorrect number of expressions in the operand field of a statement. If too many, the extra expressions were ignored. If too few, a value of zero was return for each missing expression. G Group error on microcoded operates. One (or more) of the operate instructions microcoded does not belong to the same group as the first operate instruction. This flag is also posted if the operate instructions are in the same group but have incompatible bit assignments. A halt instruction is assembled instead. The error may also have been caused by a failure to leave at least two blanks between the last operate instruction and the start of the comment field. NOTE: PAGE8 does not permit HLT to be microcoded with and skip instructions (use DSI or a macro in the rare event that a microcoded HLT instruction is needed). H An illegal character was found in a typed constant. PAGE8 returns a value of zero for the constant. This error flag is also posted if a carriage return is found immediately after thke single or double quote of an ASCII constant. I Illegal operand displcement. PAGE8 requires that the absol- ute displacement from the first symbolic tag in an operand field of a memory reference instruction be less than or equal to 77 (octal) (paging adjustment restriction). For example, a statement such as `JMP *-0123' is illegal while `JMP TABLE+040' would be perfectly legal. J PAGE8 fould that the operand field of a RET directive (ret- urn from subroutine) contained a symbolic address which had not been defined as a subroutine entry point via the SUB directive. K Memory field overflow or illegal field reference. In the first case, PAGE8 found that the next available memory page was located in the next memory field. PAGE8 requires use of the FIELD directive to switch to the next memory field. After posting the error flag, PAGE8 sets the assembly
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 14 of 90 location counter back to zero and moves to the next memory field. Under such conditions, the generated object code and assembly listing will be invalid (in particular, this error condition cannot be used as an ingenious method of overcom- ing the restriction about setting the assembly location backwards). In the second case, a reference was found to a location that could not be legally referenced due to memory field addressing problems. For example, a source statement con- tained a direct memory reference instruction to a tagged location in a different memory field. It should have been coded as an indirect memory reference through a literal. L The page zero literal pool is full. The literl in the stat- ement on which this flag was posted has not been stored in the literal pool on page zero. Page zero literals are built down from location 177 (octal) to the highest location on page zero where object code was generated. In any event, the page zero literal pool may not go below location 20 (octal) because unexpected problems can arise if a literal is stored in an auto-index register location. This error flag is also posted if a literal is encountered in a subexpression of a DC or subroutine call constant list. M Macro definition syntax error. This error could be cause by a missing MEND directive, illegal use of the angle brackets or an illegal statement within the macro definition. This error flag will also be posted if a MEND or MEXIT directive is encountered outside of a macro or if the maximum per- mitted nexting level (which is 3) is exceeded during expan- sion of the innermost macro. N Numeric error. This error flag may be posted for any one of the following three reasons: (1) an attempt was made to divide by zero in an ex- pression. In this case, a value of zero is ret- urned for the entire expression. (2) a non-existent radix designation was used in a typed constant (the only legal designations are: B, D, O and X). (3) the value of the operand to an LDI directive is invalid--there is no combination of microcoded instructions that can generate the desired con- stant. O Undefined operation code. Apart from an obvious error, the following possibilities should be checked: (1) a macro definition for that operation code is missing. (2) a blank line had one or more blanks before the carriage return, line feed. (3) an UNLINK directive had been issued at some point to remove the operation code definition from
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 15 of 90 PAGE8. P An undefined or illegal operator was encountered in an ex- pression. A value of zero is returned for the entire ex- pression. A value of zero is return for the entire expres- sion. Another common cause for a P error is a syntactically incorrect local symbol--a single digit followed by an `F' or a `B' identifies a local symbol. If a character other than `F' or `B' is present, PAGE8 treats it as a single digit decimal constant followed by an illegal operator. Q Illegal forward reference. The operand field for this oper- ation code must only contain symbols which have been pre- viously defined. The value of the expression is always zero regardless of which pass the assembler is in. Unlike most assemblers, PAGE8 is not subject to phase errors caused by illegal forward references. Predefinition (i.e. definition of all symbols in a prior source statement) is required for all of the following directives: EQU, QUT, SET, MSCAN, ORG, FIELD, AS, GAP, FREE, AIF and ROOM. In addition, the statement: `(Symbol) QUT %*,*' is illegal in an ISEC area (but legal in DSEC). This latter restriction is necessary in order to avoid obscure but hightly undesirable page- addressing errors. R Redefinition error. An attempt has been made to redefine a symbol with an EQU or QUT directive. Or, an attempt was made to redefine a symbol with SET/MSCAN that had not ori- ginally been defined with a SET or MSCAN directive. The value of the symbol remains unchanged. S Error in symbolic label. This error flag may be posted under any one of the four following conditions: (1) the directive in the operation code field is not permitted to have a label field. (2) the label does not begin with an alphabetic char- acter or does not have the correct form for a local symbol. (3) the label is missing in a directive that requires a label such as SET, EQU, QUT or MSCAN. (4) the operation code field contains a call on a macro whose definition did not contain a label specification. T Truncated value. The expression in the operand field is too large for the specified operation code. The value of the expression is truncated to the correct size by masking. U Undefined symbol. A source statement contains a symbol which has never been defined in the source program. Such symbols always have a value of zero return for them.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 16 of 90 V Table overflow. The master symbol table has exceeded the memory capacity of the computer on which the source program is being assembled. Assembly continues but no more symbols can be defined. On subsequent passes, such symbols will be treated as undefined symbols and the U error flag will be posted. This error flag could also be posted in the ex- tremely unlikely event that too many local symbols were used (limits: main program: 1024 (decimal) for each digit; macro next levels one and two: 512 (decimal) for each digit; macro next level three: 256 (decimal) for each digit). Y Either there is no more room for an entry in the object gap tables (error flag posted on GAP directive) or a syntax error was encountered in a sequence symbol (error flag pos- ted on an AGO or AIF directive). Z Arithmetic overflow occurred during the evaluation of an expression. A value of zero is returned for the expression in such cases. Overflow can occur as the result of a multi- plication, or during the evaluation of a constant. Overflow and underflow can occur during shift operations. To avoid an error flag on shifts, the operand should be masked first to ensure that only zero bits are lost during the shift operation. $ Missing sequence symbol or missing MEND directive on a macro. An END directive (or EOF on the last input file) was encountered in a macro definition, or while the assembly was turned off. If a missing sequence symbol was the cause, the sequence symbol for which PAGE8 was searching is listed immediately above the flagged line. ) The parentheses in an expression do not balance. A value of zero is returned for the entire expression. # Missing argument on macro call. A macro call was missing an argument required by the macro definition, or for which the macro definition included no provision for defaulting its value if omitted on the macro call. * Internal pagination phase error. An internal phase error has occurred in paging the source program (the literal pool and assembled code have collided on the current page in pass 2). Pagin phase error can only occur in conjunction with some other kind of highly fatal error such as memory field overflow or invalid usage of the UNLINK directive or the special `&' run-time reference operator. < Macro syntax error. A macro definition was found with a syntax error involving the use of the dummy argument deli- miters. The most likely cause would be unmatched angle brackets.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 17 of 90 % Infinite loop. More than 4095 (decimal) assembly branches have been taken at a single nexting level in a macro expan- sion. Under such condition, an infinite loop in a macro definition seems to be almost certain. PAGE8 exists the macro expansion regardless of the current nexting level. Illegal unprotected statement. The flagged statement must be protected with a ROOM directive in an ISEC area. Generally, the problems lies in a sequence of statements which must be protected in order to ensure that a bad page break will not occur. The most common examples include: (1) a CIF or CID instruction that is not immediately followed with a JMP or JMS. (2) two or more consecutive skip instructions. (3) an unprotected call to a subroutine whose entry point has been destructively referenced (indicat- ing that either a parameter list follows in sub- sequent statements or that there are multiple exit points on the return). In the event that a ROOM directive is not actually required (possible in some unusual cases), the programmer can simply insert an ANOP statement in front of the flagged statement. This will suppress generation of the error flag. ? Absolute addressing error. In order to trap out obscure semantic errors caused by a missing = or # on an intended literal reference, PAGE8 insists that absolute operand add- resses be preceded with the $ operator. For example, the statement: AND 077 will be flagged as an error since it is very likely that the intended statement was: AND =077 where the 077 is a literal. If a reference to location 0077 was actually intended, it should be coded as: AND $077 (the $ signals PAGE8 that the 077 is a location). 10. Warning and Status Flags W Address Warning. The instruction has been assembled cor- rectly but may not assemble correctly in the future because of page addressing problems. This warning would be posted if there was an indirect memory reference through a loca- tion on the current page. In future assemblies the page break may occur at a different place at which time the reference could become illegal (and the A error flag post- ed). Judicious use of the ROOM and ALIGN directives can prevent any problems arising in the future.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 18 of 90 X Source statement truncate warning. A line of more than 80 (decimal) caharacters has been found. All additional char- acters after the 80th character are stripped until a carri- age return is found. The statement is then processed norm- ally. + Forwards address adjustment. This is a status flag to in- dicate that the actual numeric valued of the operand field has been recalculated and adjusted forwards to account for the space taken up by the current page literal pool. - Backwards address adjustment. This status flag indicates that the actual numeric value of the operand field has been recalculated and adjusted backwards to account for the space taken up by a current page literal pool. ' Indirect paging link. This status flag indicates than an indirect paging link has been generated by PAGE8 on a dir- ect memory reference instruction. If the memory field specified in the most recent AFIELD directive (or default) differs from the current assembly field, PAGE8 will adi- tionally post the K error flag (illegal memory field refer- ence). ? Dubious syntax/possible semantic error. PAGE8 posts this warning flag when it finds a statement of doubtful vali- dity. For example, the statement: DCA =TEMP is syntactically correct but semantics indicate that it was probably intended to be: DCAI =TEMP. This warning may also be posted when an external memory reference has been made to a location within the current memory field. In any event, PAGE8 assembles the instruction according to the specified syntax of the statement. [ Protected range. This status flag is posted on any state- ment producing object code that PAGE8 determines is still contiguously protected by the most recent ROOM directive. Due to the complex internal processing of ROOM directives, the programmer is advised to examine PAGE8's determination of protection ranges rather than relying on any simple empiracal rules. 0,2,3,4,5,6,7 Local symbol reference counts. The digit identifies the number of references made to the local symbol in the label field of the statement on which the count is posted. A count of 7 is used to indicate 7 or more references to the local symbol, while 0 indicates a likely error--there are no references to this symbol. A count of 1 is considered to be the most common case, so no count is posted in this
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 19 of 90 case. These warnings are provided in addition to the PART directive to aid the programmer in overcoming the most com- mon error in the use of local symbols--a missing label will not cause a U error flag to be posted if there is another identical label at a previous or subsequent statement that can be referenced without crossing a PART directive. Z Sign change. This flag is posted on untyped, decimal con- stants whose value exceeds 2047 (decimal) but is less than 4095 (decimal) to alert the programmer that this number will be considered a negative number in two's complement arithmetic. This warning flag is also posted if a sign change occurs following the multiplication of two numbers. @ Edit/deletion change. If the source program was prepared with DISC's ICE editor, this warning flag indicates that the current statement during the last edit cycle (1) was modified or (2) follows statement(s) that were deleted. 11. Other PAGE8 Assembly Errors USER ERROR 8 AT xxxxx This error message indicates that PAGE8 ran out of room on the output device. Assembly is aborted. USER ERROR 5 AT xxxxx This error message indicates that PAGE8 could not load the device handler. Assembly is aborted. USER ERROR 9 AT xxxxx An OS/8 device handler return a fatal I/O error status to PAGE8. Assembly is aborted. NO CREF PAGE8 ran out of room on the system device (SYS) for the temporary cross-reference file (CROSS.TM). A cross-refer- ence directory cannot be supplied. Assembly continues and PAGE8 set the /F option so that a simple directory with reference counts will be supplied instead. 12. General Notes on the PAGE8 Instruction Set PAGE8 recognizes most of the standard PAL8 mnemonics. One general departure involves memory references. Separate operation code are pro- vided for indirect memory references, so that one writes 'TADI' rather than 'TAD I'. On CIF, CDF and CID operation codes the operand field should contain a memory field designation in the range 0-7 (not 10 to 70 as in PAL8).
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 20 of 90 External memory references are provided with TADX, DCAX, ANDX, INCX, JMSX and JMPX in order to facilitate cross-field memory references. PAGE8 automatically supplies the correct CDF instruction and then gen- erates an indirect reference through the current page literal pool (CIF is generated for JMPX and JMSX). Except for JMSX and JMPX, PAGE8 then supplies another CDF instruction back to the field specified in the most recent AFIELD directive (or to the current field if AFIELD has not been used). If the operand to TADX, ANDX, DCAX, or INCX contains a second expression, PAGE8 treats that expression as the memory field to which the first CDF is to be generated. If none is found, PAGE8 supplies the field address of the referenced symbol, or if none, field zero. In the case of a JMSX or JMPX instruction, PAGE8 generates the CIF instruction but does not generate any other code other than the instruction itself. The following examples demonstrate PAGE8 syntax on external memory references and also show the expanded code generated: PAGE8 Instruction Generated Code ----------------- -------------- TADX TEMP CDF %TEMP TADI =TEMP CDF %* AFIELD 3 INCX $010,6 CDF 6 INCI =$010 CDF 3 JMSX SUBR,43,X'FF' CIF %SUBR JMSI =SUBR,43,X'FF' (Note: in the above example, PAGE8 handles the page break problem.) With the JMS, JMSI and JMSX memory references, a parameter list is permitted on the same line separated by commas. The parameter list and the assembled instruction(s) are then kept together as a group and PAGE8 ensures that a page break will not occur at that point. Note that instructions are not permitted as parameters in the sub-expres- sion--a statement such as 'JMS SUBR,JMP ERROR' is not valid in PAGE8. Any addresses supplied as parameters will be taken as absolute values and will not be adjusted by the paging routines. The point of this latter warning is that if a program passes an error address as a parameter, and that error address has an offset (such as ERROR+4), it is conceivable that the absolute address could be pointing into the literal pool (if ERROR was located at the end of a memory page). If the restrictions above are too sever, the subroutine call and its arguments can be handled with a macro. The macro could then handle the page break problem and additionally allow any kind of instructions as arguments. Note also that the parameter list on a subroutine call is treated just like a DC constant list--in particular, literals are barred in sub-expressions in both cases.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 21 of 90 PAGE8 does not recognize any I/O instructions other than IOT and IOS. Unlike PAL8, PAGE8 syntax follows the actual architecture of the PDP-8 I/O instructions: the operand field contains a 6-bit device address followed by a 3-bit device instruction field. In this way the device address can be equated symbolically and easily changed. The device instruction field is always constant for a particular device. For example, the instruction 'KSF' of PAL8 would be coded in PAGE8 as: 'IOS 3,1' and the instruction 'TLS' as 'IOT 4,6'. Note that IOT is used for non-skip I/O instructions while IOS must be used for skip I/O instruction. This distginction is required to avoid bad page breaks. If the programmer prefers the standard PAL8 syntax, macros may be written to allow compatibility. 13. ISZ and INC PAGE8 allows a distinction to be made in connection with the use of the ISZ instruction. When an ISZ instruction is being used purely for the purpose of incrementing a memory location, and there is no pos- sibility (or no intended possibility!) of its skipping, it is desir- able to inform PAGE8 of this fact. When paging the source, PAGE8 treats ISZ specially since the fact that it might skip requires that there be room to assemble the following instruction. Otherwise, if the ISZ were followed with the page escape, the program could skip into the literal pool if the ISZ instruction skipped. Using INC forms PAGE8 that the instruction will not skip and it would therefore be quite legal to follow the INC with the page escape jump instruction. Con- sider the example below which occurs frequently at the end of a pro- gram loop: INC PTR Step pointer to data ISZ CNTR Step loop counter, test for end JMP LOOP Loop back for more to do In this case, a page break after the 'INC PTR' would be perfectly all right. If an 'ISZ' was used instead (preceded with a ROOM directive to avoid unprotected multiple skip instructions) the page break might unnecessarily occur in front of the first instruction above. Note that the use of INC is not required--it merely allows PAGE8 to do an optimal job of the page packing. 14. Operate Instructions PAGE8 recognizes all the standard PDP-8 operate instructions. In addi- tion, PAGE8 recognizes a `pseudo-instruction': LDI for `load im- mediate'. The operand field is evaluated and PAGE8 supplies the app- ropriate microcoded operate instruction. The following values are allowed in the operand field (note that 64 is only possible with the PDP-8/e BSW instruction): 1 2 3 4 6 -1 -2 -3 64 1024 2047 2048 3171 3172 15. Subroutines in PAGE8 Because of the special problems of automatic paging and the PDP-8 addressing architecture, special directives are used to facilitate subroutine entry and exits. The SUB directive generates an indirect
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 22 of 90 jump instruction followed by the actual cell for the entry point. If an off-page exit is needed, the RET directive will generate an in- direct JMP through a paging link to the first JMP instruction gen- erated by the SUB directive. If the entry point is on the same page as the RET directive, RET generates an indirect JMP through the actual entry point to the subroutine. The example below should clarify the use of SUB and RET directives: PAGE8 Instruction Generated Object Code ----------------- --------------------- PROCESS SUB (expr) JMPI *+1 PROCESS DC (expr) RET PROCESS JMPI PROCESS (On-page) ----------------------------------------------------------- CALC SUB JMPI *+1 PROCESS HLT RET CALC JMPI =CALC-1 (Off-page) Note that SUB can take an optional expression to be generated at the entry point. If none is supplied, PAGE8 assembles a HLT instruction instead. PAGE8 keeps track of whether there has been a destructive reference to the entry point of a subroutine in order to catch unprotected calls. A destructive reference (such as ISZ, etc.) indicates that the sub- routine either has an argument list, or may have several different return points. If so, and the parameters are not in line (as a con- stant list), PAGE8 insists that the JMS(X) be protected with a ROOM directive (although PAGE8 cannot check that the correct number of statements is being protected). Occasionally, however, the destructive reference may not actually in- dicate that the subroutine call has to be protected. A very typical case would occur with the initialization of co-routine entry points. Advantage can be taken of the fact that PAGE8 checks for an offset in the operand field of the destructive instruction but does not check the value of that offset. If there is an offset to the subroutine address, PAGE8 reasonably assumes that the reference does not involve the actual entry point to the subroutine. This fact provides a simple way of avoiding the check for a protected call to the sub- routine--simply by appending +0 to the reference. For example, when initializing the entry point to a coroutine with a DCA instruction, the following statement could be used: DCA PROCESS+0 PAGE8 will not consider the above statement to be a destructive refer- ence to the PROCESS subroutine.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 23 of 90 16. PAGE8 List Output Format The assembled list output from PAGE8 includes the FILE and TITLE text strings at the head of each page. On a typical source statement, the first numeric field is the three part line number. The first number is the current input file number (0-9). The second number is the `page' number as delimited by form feed characters generated byh the editor program (ICE, TECO, EDIT). If no form feed characters are present in the input sourcd program, a `page' is considered to consist of 999 lines. The third number is the line number within that page. The second numeric field is the full 5 digit address field. If reloca- tion is in effect, an asterisk will be lposted after this field. The third field contains the assembled object code. On the dump of the literal pool (current page or page zero), a fourth numeric field appears which contains the current/zero page literal reference count. Note that this field is in the_ current output radix (octal or hexadecimal) and not in decimal. When patching entries in the literal pool, this field makes it easy to avoid patching a literal which is referenced elsewhere on the lpage possibly for a different purpose (it might also be used as a paging link, for example). Page zero literals are dumped whenever a FIELD or END directive is encountered, or when the end of the last input field is reached. In an ISEC area, the last assembled instruction on each PDP-8 page is a 5777 (octal) which provides the escape to the first location in the next page (or next available page if the next page falls in an object gap and the current program sections lies in ISEC 0). Error flags and warnings are posted between the three part line number and the address field. Up to four flags may be posted. There may be more than four erors in a statement, but only the first four erors or warnings cause flags to be posted. In the case of a QUT statement, where the operand field actually contains a 15-bit address field, the full 15- address appears in the object field as a 5 digit octal number. 17. Cross Reference Directory At the end of pass 3, PAGE8 chains to the HPSORT program in order to process the cross-reference directory. A temporary file called CROSS.TM is built during pass 3 by PAGE8. CROSS.TM contains all the raw cross-reference information. HPSORT processes this file and sorts it. CROSS.TM is deleted by HPSORT just before returning to the OS/8 Keyboard Monitor. Following the program assembly statistics (total source statement count, number of symbols, core used, etc.), the cross-reference lists for all errors and warnings (if any) are printged. Following this is the cross-reference directory of all symbols defined in the program.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 24 of 90 The first field after the symbol name is present only if the symbol was defined as an address (either as a label on a statement or defined via a QUT directive). In this case, a single digit identifies the memory field address of the symbol. This field will be left blank for symbols defined via SEDT, MSCAN, EQU, or MACRO. The second field contains the 12-bit value of the symbol unless the symbol was a macro (in which case the field is blank). The third field contains a single letter identifying the type of symbol: S SET or MSCAN E EQU M MACRO A Address (defined as a label or via QUT) If the /F option was used (or if PAGE8 ran out of room for the CROSS.TM file and forced /F on), the fourth field is the reference count for that symbol. lOtherwise, the remaining fields contain the cross-reference directory of all references to that symbol. The first cross reference field is always the lpoint at which the symbol was defined. The remaining field contains all the references to that sym- bol in order of appearance in the source program. After the three-part file/page/line number for the reference, various flags are lposted to further idedntify the type of reference. In the case of cross-reference lists for errors or warnings, the actual error or warning flag is posted after the hyphen. For symbols, the following flags are used: D Destructive memory reference N Non-destructive memory reference I IOT or operate instruction reference A Assembler directive reference = Literal reference (current or zero page) % Memory field reference or definition reference A small help file to remind the programmer of the meaning of these flags may be obtained by issuing a direct RUN command on the HPSORT program. Local symbols, symbols beginning with a colon and macros that do not begin with a period are all inhibited from appearing in the cross- reference directory (although they are included in the total symbol count). In the evednt that only reference counts are being supplied, there will be a digit from 1 to 7 where 7 indicates that there were 7 or more references to that symbol. A count of 1 indicates that the symbol was defined but never referenced. This feature of automatically switching to the third output file (if the second output file overflows) is in PAGE8, but not HPSORT. How- ever, if PAGE8 has already moved to the third output file, HPSORT will generate the cross-reference file on the third output device.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 25 of 90 If HPSORT.xx is not found on the system device at the start of the assembly, the message: `NO HPSORT.xx' will appear on the console prior to the start of pass one. 18. Indirect Run-Time Reference Operator By preceding a symbol with the `&' unary operator, PAGE8 will return as the value of that symbol the current contents of the memory loca- tion addressed by the symbol. The addressed memory location has noth- ing to do with the program being assembled. Before describing this feature further, the following example should be examined: DATE QUT 1,07666 `DATE' has address of OS/8 date word CDATE EQU &DATE `CDATE' now has value of date word Following the execution of these two statements, the symbol `CDATE' has the actual value of the OS/8 date word since it was equated to the contents of memory location 17666 (octal). This feature provides extraordinary capabilities to the programmer. For example, a macro can be written to take the binary date word and convert it into an ASCII text string. The text string could lthen be used in the program as a message. With this a program could not only print out a version number but also print out the precise date on which the progrm was last assembled. Another very useful way of utilizing this feature is to gain access to the OS/8 Command Decoder tables to look at the run-time switches that were set for running PAGE8. In the example below, a program implements a run-time switch that is not used by PAGE8 (/B) for the purpose of stripping out some conditional code. If the /B switch is specified, the code is not assembled; if the /B switch is not used, the code is assembled: SWIT0 QUT 1,07643 A-L switches in Decoder tables AIF &SWIT0.AN.02000,.SKIP Skip if /B set ... ..... ... ..... This code assembled if /B not set ... ..... .SKIP ANOP Assembly continues in any event The second statement isolates bit 1 of the contents of location 07643 (octal) which will be set if /B was used. If set, the expression is true and the assembly branch will be taken. 19. PAGE8 Macro Processor This section describes all of the features of the macro processor. In the following documentation it is assumed that the programmer is reas- onably familiar with the concept of macros. The MACRO directive and associated definition may only appear at cer- tain points in a PAGE8 source program. In all cases, the macro defini- tion must, of course, precede the first invocation of the macro. Any macro calls made prior to the macro definition will be treated as undefined operation codes and the O error flag will be posted. In
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 26 of 90 general, macros should appear in the following positions in the source program: 1. Before the end of page zero in any memory field. 2. In any DSEC area. 3. In any memory page prior to generation of any links or literals. There are also some highly obscure, additional internal restrictions on the third item, so that to be safe, a macro in this position should be defined after an ALIGN directive or ORG directive to the start of a memory page. If a macro definition appears at an illegal point in the program, the M error flag will be posted and the MACRO directive ignored. The example below shows typical syntax for a PAGE8 macro: MACRO Signal that definition follows LOOP <ADDR><COUNT=CNT> Prototype header statement <> ISZ <COUNT> Test loop counter JMP <ADDR> Loop back if non-zero MEND End of macro definition The above macro provides a `LOOP' instruction that tests a loop coun- ter (defaulted to `CNT' if no argument is supplied) and if it is non- zero, jumps back to the address specified in the argument. The first statement of a macro definition must be the MACRO directive. Any operand field to the directive is treated as part of the comment field. THe only type of label permitted is an assembly sequence sym- bol. In all macro definitions, many of the errors are only posted in pass 1, so the pass 1 error count must be examined carefully before concluding that there are no assembly errors. The second statement is the prototype header statement. No label of any kind is permitted on this statement (not even sequence symbols). The dummy macro arguments (up to as many as will fit on the line) are all enclosed in angle brackets. The arguments must be con- tiguous--separating blanks or commas are not allowed. Note that this latter rule is different from the specification of arguments in the actual call to the macro (to be described later). The dummy macro argument names must be unique within a single defini- tion or a D error flag will be lposted for the duplicate definition. The dummy macro arguments are defined only within the macro defini- tion: no confusion is caused should they happen to have the same name as symbols that have already been defined in the program. In the example on the previous page, it makes no difference if a symbol already exists whose name is `ADDR'. Dummy macro argument names should comprise standard PAGE8 symbols. Dummy arguments are encoded in a special form within the macro tables, so that the length of the dummy macro artument name has no affect at all on the amount of symbol table space used to store the macro definition.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 27 of 90 The user-defined macro name must be unique. It may not duplicate any prevcious macro name, standard PAGE8 operation code (unless previously removed with the UNLINK directive), or user-defined symbol. For this reason, and to avoid conflicts, user-defined macros usually (but not necessarily) have a period as the first character of the macro name. Also, if the macro does not begin with a period (as is the case in the example above) the macro name will not be listed in the cross refer- ence directory. 19.1. Default Macro Arguments Default arguments are indicated by an equals sign following the dummy argument name. After the equals sign, a test string can be supplied as a default value to be substituted. If a macro call fails to supply an argument in this position, the default argument is supplied by PAGE8 whenever that particular dummy artument appears in a body statement. In the default text string, any characters may appear except the angle brackets. Consider the two calls below to the macro that was defined earlier: Macro Call Macro Expansion ---------- --------------- LOOP TAG,KOUNT ISZ KOUNT JMP TAG ----------------- ------------------- LOOP TAG ISZ CNT JMP TAG In the second case, PAGE8 supplies a default for the missing second argument of the text string: `CNT'. 19.2. Macro Body Statements In the body of the macro definition, any number of statements may appear. Dummy artuments must always appear enclosed within angle brackets. If the angle brackets are missing, PAGE8 will not treat the symbol as a dummy argument. Two special characters must not appear in macro body statements: the up-arrow (ASCII 236 (octal)) and the left-arrow or underline (ASCII 237 (octal)). These two characters are used for the internal rep- resentation of a tab and an end-of-line. 19.3. Symbolic Concatenation Due to the syntax of PAGE8 macro definitions, symbolic concatenation of dummy arguments requires no special feature or operator. Consider the example below where a symbolic reference is dependent on the macro call to supply the last part of the full symbolic name:
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 28 of 90 Macro Call Macro Definition ---------- ---------------- ADD LABEL MACRO ADD <ENDNAME> ----------------------- TAD MAC<ENDNAME> Macro Expansion MEND --------------- TAD MACLABEL 19.4. Comment Fields in Macro Definitions Comment fields should be used freely in macro definitions to aid in the documentation of the source program. Normally comments need not be stored in the macro tables and for this reason, a semicolon is gener- ally used to indicate the start of a comment field in a macro defini- tion. When a semicolon is seen, all preceding blanks and tabs back to the most recent character other than a blank or tab are stripped. If the semicolon is omitted, the comment field will be stored in the macro tables and will be seen in the macro expansion if a LISTM dir- ective is in effect. This feature can be useful for documentation purposes or for debugging complex macros. Comment statements, signalled by an asterisk or slash in column 1 of the statement, are always stripped out of macro definitions and not stored in the macro table. Multiple tab characters are stored as a single tab character in the macro tables. Two or more blanks are automatically converted to a tabl. lThis ensures that the expanded source, if listed, appears at the normal tab lpositions on the line (PAGE8 sets tabs at every 8th character position on a line). 19.5. Label Field The following information describes a requirement of PAGE8 that is not a standard feature of most macro processors. Because of the automatic source paging and the need to generate page escapes over literal pools, labels cannot be evaluated in PAGE8 until the object code for the associated operation code has been generated. For this reason a label on a macro call cannot be blindly assigned to the value of the current location counter (as would be the case with a non-paging assembler). In PAGE8 macros, the label is passed as a hidden parameter to the macro and the macro definition indicates where the label is to be placed by a left angle bracket followed immediately by a right angle bracket in the label field of the body statement. For example, the call to the previously defined macro `LOOP': TAG LOOP 1B would cause the following expansion to be generated: TAG ISZ CNT JMP 1B
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 29 of 90 The label field on the macro call can thus be placed on any body statement who directive permits a label. The label on the macro call can also appear on more than one body statement. This would be legal if the macro used the label on SET or MSCAN directives or if the symbol being passed was a local symbol. If the macro definition does not include an indication of where the label should appear, an attempt to call that macro with a label will result in the S error flag's being posted. The label field indication in the macro definition must appear in column 1 of the statement. The only exception involves the special macro call list indicator character (an exclamation point (!)) des- cribed below. 19.6. Macro Call Listing Normally, the macro call statement is listed as the first statement of the macro expansion. Under some conditions, however, this could cause the macro call to be lost. For example, if the macro begins with a NOLIST directive, the macro call would not appear since the statement will not be listed. To avoid this problem there is a feature to specify on which statement the macro call is to be listed. This is done by placing an exclamation mark (!) character as the first char- acter on the line which contains the body statement to be used for the listing. The ! character is considered to precede column 1 on the statement and does not therefore prohibit placement of any kind of label on that statement. As a clarification of this feature, consider the following macro which precisely describes the PAGE8 SUB directive and the manner in which the SUB directive is listed: MACRO SUB <ARG=07402> ; If no argument, use HLT ROOM 2 ; ensure contiguous room on page JMPI *+1 ; for off-page return !<> DC <ARG> ; generate entry point & list it MEND If a LISTM condition is in effect, all the source statements of the macro expansion are listed. lThe call to the macro is then listed before the expansion of the first line of the macro. In nexted macros, only the call to the first macro is listed. 19.7. Backwards Assembly Branches in a Macro Both the AIF and AGO directives are permitted in a macro. When an AGO or AIF (with an expression that is true) is found within a macro, PAGE8 turns the assembly off and begins the scan for the matching sequence symbol at the START of the macro and not at the current line. As a result, backwards assembly branches are possible allowing iter- ative loops to be set up. Note that within a macro definition, all sequence symbols must be unique for this feature to work properly. The following macro will set up a table in which the length, starting value, and incrfment value to be added to each subsequent entry are
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 30 of 90 supplied in the macro call. MACRO .TABLE <LENGTH><START><INDEX> T SET <LENGTH> ; Set loop count to length V SET <START> ; Establish starting value .LOOP DC V ; Generate value (loop here) V SET V+<INDEX> ; Increase value by index T SET T-1 ; Decrement loop counter MEND In coding backwards assembly branches, it should be remembered that the start of the loop should be as close as possible to the start of the macro in order to gain speed. If there is extensive initialization to be performed prior to the loop, it may be more efficient to use an AGO directive to skip over the loop and do the initialization after the loop. 19.8. Indirect, Numeric Argument Replacement A PAGE8 symbol in a macro expansion can be replaced indirectly by a numeric texgt string that represents the current value of that symbol. The indirect argument replacement is signified by preceding the symbol with a backslash () character. The numeric text string will be a 4 digit octal number (or 3 digit hexadecimal number if the /H run-time option is in effect). This operator may not appear in front of a dummy argument. Should this be required, the dummy argument can be used in the operand field of a SET directive, and the label used in subsequent statements with the backslash operator. The following examples should clarify the use of this feature. Every time the first macro is invoked, the symbolic argument is stored as a constant. At the same time, a special `symbol' table is built up which contains the addresses of each call to the macro. The second macro would be called later on to generate a table of all the addresses that were saved by the first macro. MACRO .SAVE <CON> ; Argument is some constant CT SET CT+1 ; Index numeric part of name TCT DC <CON> ; Generate constant and symbol MEND MACRO This macro generates the table .GENTABLE CT SET 1 ; Reinitialize numeric part .LOOP DC TCT ; Generate address of entry CT SET CT+1 ; Increment numeric part AIF ?TCT,.LOOP ; Stop when no more defined DC 0 ; Attach sentinel of zero MEND
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 31 of 90 Note also the use of the definition operator to find out how many symbols we actually generated. The symbols generated have names of T0001, T0002, T0003, T0004, ...etc. The symbol that follows the `' operator must have been defined in a prior source statement; otherwise the Q error flag is posted for an illegal forward reference. 19.9. Indirect, Symbolic Replacement A PAGE8 symbol in a macro expansion can be replaced indirectly by a single letter that represents the ASCII code contained in the low order 8 bits of the value of the symbol. This is specified by preced- ing the symbol with an opening square bracket ([). As with the back- slash operator, the symbol must have been previously defined and may not be a dummy argument. This feature is generally used to reconstruct symbolic names or tgext strings from numeric arguments. The following example should clarify the use of this feature. This macro takes a single argument and converts it to two characters (treatihe argument as a packed, 6-bit representation of two alphabetic characters) to appear in a text message. MACRO .VERSION <ARG> T SET <ARG> ; Set standard symbol to dummy arg T1 SET ((T.AN.07700).RS.6)+0300 ; 8-bit value of left T2 SET (T.AN.077)+0300 ; 8-bit value of right half TEXT /VERSION [T1[T2 OF TEST PROGRAM/ Note that in some sense the `[' operator is the "reverse" of the single ASCII constant operator. For example, if the value of the symbol TEMP is 316 (octal), both statements below result in the gen- eration of the value 316 (octal): DC TEMP DC '[TEMP 19.10. Nesting of Macros Macros may be nested to a level of three. Attempting to call a macro trhat would increase the nesting depth to four is an error and will cause the M flag to be posted on the offending macro call. The macro call would not be processed. A macro may call itself recursively as long as the nexting level limit is not exceeded. 19.11. Macro Calling Sequences A typical macro call includes an optional label, the macro name in the operation code field, any number of real arguments in the operand field and a comment field. The label field is passed as a "hidden" argument to the macro and will be substituted in any label field of the macro body which contains the lpaired angle brackets.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 32 of 90 Macro arguments are of two types: simple and extended. A simple argu- ment consists of a string of characters which do not contain a blank, comma or angle brackets. Angle brackets must not appear in a simple argument. An extended argument may contain commas and blanks since the whole argument string is enclosed in angle brackets. All arguments (simple or extended) must be separated with commas. The extended argu- ment form is provided primarily to allow nested arguments and to handle cases where a comma or blank need to be passed as arguments. Consider these examples: DEFIN ARG,HELP,TEMP,61,$ ATXT ARG,<THIS IS A TEXT STRING>,ARG2 OUTER ARG,<DEFIN 1,TOOP,TEP,7,90> NEST <<<ARG,$>>> In the third case, a macro call with simple arguments is itself passed as an argument to another macro. In the fourth case, two arguments are presumably being passed down directly to a macro that is called by another macro that itself is called within the 'NEST' macro. At each nesting level in the macro expansions, the outermost pair of angle brackets associated with that level will be stripped off. As another example, consider the following macro which repeats some source statement a specified number of times: MACRO .REPEAT <COUNT><STATEMENT> CT SET <COUNT> ; Set loop counter .LOOP <STATEMENT> ; Generate the statement CT SET CT-1 ; Decrement loop counter AIF CT,.LOOP ; Back if more to do MEND This macro could then be called to generate 256 statements of the form: `ISZ COUNT' with the this call: .REPEAT 256,<ISZ COUNT> 19.12. Null Arguments A null argument within the middle of a set of arguments is indicated by two consecutive commas. If the macro definition has supplied no default argument in that position, a null string is substituted for the dummy macrro argument and the # error flag will be posted for the missing argument. If a default was provided in the macro definition, the default argument will replace the dummy argument in that position. In the example below, the third argument in the macro call is null: DEFN ARG1,HELP,,ARG4,SYM9 19.13. Macro Libraries The usual way to handle macro libraries is to have a source file containing the macro definitions assembled in front of other source files. If only selective portions are required, a file of requests
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 33 of 90 (consisting of equate statements) can be inserted in front of the macro library. The macro library can then make use of the question- mark definition operator and conditional assembly branches to skip macro definitions that are not required. 19.14. Local Macro Symbols Within a macro it may be necessary to generate unique address labels on each invocation of the macro. In order to prevent duplicate tag errors, local macro symbols are used. Although normal local symbols could be used, serious program errors could arise if a calling routine was unaware that a particular local symbol appeared in some macro that was being called. To avoid this difficulty, PAGE8 reserves a set of special local symbols for each of the three nesting levels. A macro, local symbol is identical to a normal local prefixed that a $ char- acter: MACRO .EXAMP1 $7H TAD STAK JMP $2F NOP $2H JMP $7B ... .... Local macro symbols are illegal outside of a macro. Should one be used, PAGE8 posts the M error flag and uses a normal local symbol instead. Local macro symbols are only defined at the current nesting level. Consider the following macro that calls the macro above: MACRO .EXAMP2 TAD $2F .EXAMP1 $2H NOP .... In this case the $2H tag in .EXAMP2 is not confused with the $2H tag in .EXAMP1 because they appear at different nesting levels. Also, the PART directive may be used inside a macro in which case only local macro symbols at that nesting level are partitioned. 19.15. Character String Processing The AREAD and MSCAN directives provide PAGE8 with a powerful character string processing capability. When an AREAD directive is encountered, PAGE8 reads in the next source statement and treats it as the first argument to the macro. The first character in the first argument will comprise the character in column 1 of the statement that was read in by the AREAD directive. In conjunction with AREAD, the MSCAN directive makes it possible to examine each character in the argument one by one and process them accordingly. MSCAN can also be used on normal arguments thus providing a way of finding out what type of argument has been supplied to the macro. For example, a macro could be defined called `OS8TXT' that would take an argument just like the standard PAGE8 `TEXT' directive.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 34 of 90 The OS8TXT macro could then use the MSCAN cirective to save the deli- miting character and pick off the characters in the string one by one. OS8TXT could then use these characters to pack up a message buffer in the special format required for OS/8 ASCII files.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 35 of 90 20. PAGE8 Directives 20.1. AFIELD (Expression) Label: Blank or sequence symbol Operation: AFIELD Operand: Any expression with a value between 0 and 7 Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Assembly data FIELD setting. - ----- This directive specifies the actual run-time data field which will be in effect for subsequent instructions. This information is used by PAGE8 to resolve some of the complex field addressing errors that can appear in a program that is frequently referencing data fields otheer than the current instruction field. Also, the TADX, ANDX, INCX and DCAX instructions cause an automatic CDF instruction back to the field set by the most recent AFIELD directive. If no AFIELD directive has been issued, PAGE8 sets a continuously updated default of the current assembly field. Judicious use of the AFIELD directive can ensure that certain types of addressing errors will always be caught by PAGE8. For example, if PAGE8 is forced to generate a paging link for a memory reference in- struction, the current run-time assembly data field is checked. If this field differs from the current field, PAGE8 knows that the ref- erenced location cannot be accessed correctly and will consequently post the K error flag. To facilitate field tracing, a macro can be written to force PAGE8 to change the AFIELD setting whenever a CDF instruction is executed: UNLINK CDF Remove CDF from op-code tables * MACRO Now redefine meaning of CDF CDF <FIELD> ; Argument is 3-bit field LINK CDF ; recollect CDF definition !<> CDF <FIELD> ; list & execute CDF with label UNLINK CDF ; reset `trap' for CDF op-code AFIELD <FIELD> ; execute implicit AFIELD MSKIP ; allow skip instruction to precede MEND
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 36 of 90 20.2. AGO (Sequence Symbol) Label: Blank or sequence symbol Operation: AGO Operand: Sequence Symbol Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Assembler GO. - -- Unconditional assembly branch. The operand field should contain a sequence symbol to which assembly unconditionally branches. All inter- vening instructions are not assembled. In a macro, PAGE8 will begin the search for the matching sequence symbol at the BEGINNING of the macro, so that a backwards assembly branch is allowed. For this feat- ure to work correctly, it is important that all sequence symbols with- in a single macro definition be unique, since the scan always begins from the first macro body statement. If not in a macro, the sequence symbol must appear in a subsequent statement. The AGO directive is not listed unless a prior LISTC directive is in effect.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 37 of 90 20.3. AIF (Expression),(Sequence Symbol) Label: Blank or sequence symbol Operation: AIF Operand: Any expression followed by a sequence symbol Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Assembler IF. - -- Conditional assembly branch. The expression in the operand field is evaluated. If it has a non-zero value (i.e. TRUE), the assembly branch will be taken as if an AGO directive had been issued to the specified sequence symbol. If the expression has a zero value (i.e. FALSE), the assembly branch is not taken and the AIF directive functions as an ANOP directive. As with the AGO directive, backwards assembly branches are permitted within macros. If the expression in the operand field was false, the AIF statement is listed. If the expression was true and the assembly branch taken, the AIF statement is not listed unless a LISTC directive is in effect.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 38 of 90 20.4. ALIGN Label: Blank or sequence symbol Operation: ALIGN Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: ALIGN to start of next memory page. ----- Unconditional page alignment. When encountered, PAGE8 will force ali- gnment to the start of the next PDP-8 memory page. This directive is similar in function to the PAGE directive of the PAL8 assembler although it rarely appears in PAGE8 programs. The current page literal pool is output and a page escape is generated in the normal manner. If the next page has been marked as unavailable by a prior GAP dir- ective and if the current program section is in ISEC 0, PAGE8 will align to the start of the next available page in that memory field and adjust the linkage in the page escape. If there are no further avail- able pages, the K error flag is posted and assembly continues at location 0000 in the next memory field.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 39 of 90 20.5. ANOP Label: Blank or sequence symbol Operation: ANOP Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Assembly NO-oP. - -- - This directive has no function other than to service as a target oper- ation code for a sequence symbol in the label field. This is generally used in conjunction with the AGO and AIF directives. No object code is generated by this directive. The ANOP directive can also be used to separate operation codes which might generate some unwanted error flag if they occurred as con- secutive statements. For example, it is illegal to have two con- secutive TEXT directives in an ISEC area due to the possibility of a semantic error (viz. an unexpected and undesirable page break could occur between the two text strings). In this case, the restriction can be easily overcome by simply inserting an ANOP statement between the two TEXT directives.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 40 of 90 20.6. AREAD Label: Blank or sequence symbol Operation: AREAD Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Assembly READ. - ---- This is a macro directive which causes PAGE8 to read in the next source statement as a single, extended argument to the current macro that is being expanded. All characters of the following statement are read in and can then be processed by the macro. This directive is generally used in conjunction with the MSCAN directive in order to provide PAGE8 with a complete character string processing capability. The statement to be read does not have to be a PAGE8 statement--it can have any syntax or form since the statement would only be interpreted by the macro that issued the AREAD directive. The example below may help to clarify the use of this directive. This macro is passed an argument indicating the number of folowing source statements that comprise a single block of text: MACRO .TBLOK <ARG> ; Argument is # of statements COUNT SET <ARG> ; Set up loop counter .LOOP AREAD ; Read next source statement TEXT /<ARG>/ ; `ARG' contains statement COUNT SET COUNT-1 ; Decrement loop counter AIF COUNT,.LOOP ; Loop back if more MEND ; Else all done * * Example of a call to the above macro * .TBLOK 3 Three source statements THIS IS THE FIRST STATEMENT TO BE PROCESSED HERE %$#*@& IT DOESN'T HAVE TO BE A LEGAL PAGE8 STATEMENT*&#@ ----------THIS IS THE FINAL STATEMENT---------- * * Normal PAGE8 statements continue now *
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 41 of 90 20.7. AS (Expression),(Expression) Label: Syymbol, sequence symbol or blank Operation: AS Operand: An expression, followied by an optional ex- pression Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Allocate Storage. - - The AS directive provides a convenient method of allocating large blocks of storage in a program. The expression in the operand field is evaluated and treated as the length of a block of storage that should be reserved starting at the current location. In an ISEC area, if there is no room on the current PDP-8 page, the block will be aligned to the start of the next page. If there is a label field, the label will refer to the address of the first location in the block. All locations in the block will be set to the value of the second expres- sion. If the second expression is omitted, a default value of zero is used to fill the block. The first expression must contain only previously defined symbols. This restriction does not apply to the optional second expression. A large storage block will not be broken up to skip over pages marked as unavailable because of a prior GAP directive. The block will, however, not start at the beginning of an object gap. The example below will generate a block of 128 words where each word will contain the value -1: TABLE AS 128,-1 Entire table set to -1
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 42 of 90 20.8. BYTE (Expression),(Expression) Label: Symbol, sequence symbol or blank Operation: BYTE Operand: Two expressions each in the range 0-63 (deci- mal) Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: BYTE constant. ---- The operand to the BYTE directive must be two 6-bit expressions sep- arated by a comma. The first expression goes in the left byte (i.e. left 6 bits of the word) and the second expression in the right byte. If either expression is larger than 63 (decimal), the T error flag will be posted to indicate a truncate error and the value for that expression will be truncated to 6 bits. In the example below, the BYTE directive is used to implement a trans- late table where the right byte contains the translated value and the left byte contains control and status flags: BYTE ALPHA,"@A BYTE DIGIT,"@6 BYTE SPECIAL+ILLEGAL,"@# BYTE SPECIAL,"@$
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 43 of 90 20.9. CREF Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: CREF Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: accumulate Cross REFerences. - --- The CREF directive allows the accumulation of cross- references to symbols to resume immediately. If no prior NOCREF directive was in force, the CREF directive has no effect and functions as an ANOP directive. The CREF and NOCREF directives are often encountered in macro defini- tions that incorporate loops. Such macros can genedrate extraordinary quantities of cross-references that may be of no use or significance to the programmer.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 44 of 90 20.10. DC (Expression),(Expression),(Expression),... Label: Symbol, sequence symbol or blank Operation: DC (optional) Operand: An expression followed by optional sub-ex- pressions Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Define Constant. - - The DC directive provides a convenient was of specifying single con- stants or multiple constant lists. The first expression in the operand field is evaluated and stored at the current location. This first expression may be a literal. Optional multiple expression separated by commas are allow to follow and will be stored in successive locations. These sub-expressions may not contain literals. A label, if present, will always refer to the address of the first constant in the string. Multiple expressions are guaranteed to stay together as a unit--a page break cannot occur within the list of con- stants. Pagination recalculations are not performed on any expressions in the string. Also, all expressions are evaluated prior to generation of any object code, so that references to the current assembly location coun- ter lin a sub-expression will reference the address of the first con- stant rather than the address of the constant that contains the refer- ence. Note that the use of `DC' in the operation code field is optional. PAGE8 first tests the operation code field for a standard PAGE8 opera- tion code. If this failes, PAGE8 tests to see if it is a macrfo. If it is not a macro, PAGE8 defaults the operation code to `DC' and then rescans the operation code field as an operand field to `DC'. The two statements below are equivalent in PAGE8: TAG DC 4*3+(TEMP/14) TAG 4*3+(TEMP/14)
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 45 of 90 20.11. DI (Expression) Label: Symbol, sequence symbol or blank Operation: DI Operand: Any valid expression Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Define Instruction constant. - - This directive is essentially identical to the DC directive. It is provided merely for syntactic clarity in the source program and in- dicates that the constant in the operand field is an instruction to be executed rather than data. For instruction constants that may cause a skip, see the definition of the DSI diredctive.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 46 of 90 20.12. DSEC Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: DSEC Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Data SECtion. - --- This directive indicates that all the following statements comprise a data section in the program. Genration of automatic page escapes is inhibited and no pagination recalculations will be performed. When this directive is encountered, PAGE8 will perform a page alignment and output the current page literal pool only if some paging links or literals have been generated on the current memory page. Otherwise no page alignment will occur. The DSEC directive has no effect on the current ISEC area. DSEC is essentially a sub-section of an ISEC area. Instructions used in a DSEC area will be processed correctly. However, all paging links and literals will be forced into the page zero lit- eral pool rather than the current page literal pool. This occurs even if the explicit current page literal operator (=) is used in the operand field. This feature can be very useful when space is at an absolute premium, since sharing of all literals and links on page zero increases the packing density of the program.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 47 of 90 20.13. DSI (Expression) Label: Symbol, sequence symbol or blank Operation: DSI Operand: Any valid expression Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Define Skip Instruction constant. - - - This directive is essentially identical to the DI directive. The dif- ference lies in the fact that DSI informs PAGE8 that the instruction constant to be assembled may cause a skip when it is executed. This information is needed by PAGE8 to ensure that a page break does not occur immediately after this instruction. If there is not enough room on the current page to hold the following instruction, PAGE8 will force a page alighment and assemble the instruction on the next avail- able page. The example below shows a very common usage of the DSI instruction. Note that using DC instead of DSI could result in a bad page break in some future assembly. SWITCH DSI 07000 NOP now, may be a skip later on
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 48 of 90 20.14. EJECT (Expression) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: EJECT Operand: Blank or an optional expression Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: EJECT page. ----- PAGE8 performs an explicit page eject on the output device before listing the following statement. The EJECT directive is not listed. If the operand field contains an expression, the EJECTG directive becomes conditional: a page eject wsill only occur if the curfrent line lies within the specified number of lines of the bottom of the page. This conditional form of the directive can be very useful in obtaining clean, readable listings of the source program. Note also that through the use of the equals (=) run-time option, all uncondi- tional page ejects can be forced to be conditional to a specific value. In the example below, a condition EJECT directive is used to ensure that the description of a subroutine does not get separated from the entry to the subroutine: EJECT 10 Do an eject if less than 10 lines left * * The calling convention for this subroutine........ * SUBR SUB ..........
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 49 of 90 20.15. END Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: END Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: END of source program. --- This directive signifies that assembly should terminate with this statement. Use of this directive is optional. If PAGE8 reaches the end-of-file in the last sourced file, PAGE8 will terminate the assembly pass normally as if an END directive had been elxplicitly issued. The primary use of this directive is for conditional assemblies where it may be desirable to mark the end of the program without having to include an assembly branch over any remaining source statements.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 50 of 90 20.16. (Symbol) EQU (Expression) Label: Symbol Operation: EQU Operand: Any valid expression Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: EQUate symbol. --- The symbol in the label field is equated to the value of the expres- sion in the operand field. As with the QUT directive, any attempts to redefine the symbol with a difference value will be treated as an error (the SET directive should be used lif redefinition is required). Note that EQU is not generally used for equating symbolic add- resses--the QUT directive is used for that purpose. However, if sym- bolic addresses are defined with the EQU directive, any references to that symbol will be assumed to be in the current memory field. This feature can be useful on occasion. For example, it may be desirable to equate the addresses of some cells which are present at the same rel- ative location within each memory field (viz. general gemporary or "garbage" cells). Such symbols can then be referenced in any memory field without generation of a K field addressing error. The operand field may not contain any symbols which are defined at a later point in the source program. Should lthis occur, the Q error flag will be posted and the expression will always have a value of zero. Illegal forward references do not cause assembly phase errors in PAGE8.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 51 of 90 20.17. ERM Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: ERM Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: End RooM check. - - - This directive is used in conjunction with the ROOM directive. If the statement lies outside of the protected range set by a ROOM directive, the square bracket error flag (illegal unprotected statement) will be posted. If protected, the ERM directive functions like an ANOP dir- ective. The ERM directive is useful when it becomes necessary to protect a large number of statements. Because of the complex nature of the ROOM directive and the necessary prohibition of future references, it is not always easy to tell how large the operand to the ROOM directive should be until an assembly listing is generated. The ERM directive provides a convenient way of ensuring that the ROOM directive preced- ing this statement does indeed protect the necessary number of state- ments against a page break.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 52 of 90 20.18. ERROR: (User-defined error message) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: ERROR: Operand: User-defined text for an error message Comment: Continuation of the operand field Mnemonic definition: ERROR message. ----- This directive makes it possible to signal user-defined error messages during assembly of a program. When encountered, PAGE8 posts the error asterisks and forces the listing of the statement just as if a valid error flag had been posted internally by PAGE8. The operand and com- ment field to the directive will normally contain an error message that identifies the error condition that was detected during assembly of the program. The error will also appear in the cross-reference directory of errors, with a blank for the posted error flag. This directive provides an extremely useful tool for protecting pro- grams during future assemblies or source modifications. Coupled with the use of conditional assembly directives, checks can be made for all kinds of special error conditions in a source program. For example, one can check that a program lies within certain memory limits, or check that tables have the correct length. It is also very useful in macros. Often the macros will have been written by another programmer who can then include checks that the arguments passed to the macro have the correct form or type, or that the correct number of arguments are passed. See also use of the NOTE: directive which has a somewhat similar function. In the example below, a macro checks that the first argument to be passed has a value of 5 or less: MACRO .SAMPLE <ARG1><ARG2> ; 2 arguments to the macro AIF <ARG1>.LE.5,.OK ; Assembly branch if legal ERROR: <ARG1> IS INVALID--IT SHOULD BE 5 OR LESS! .OK ANOP
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 53 of 90 20.19. FIELD (Expression) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: FIELD Operand: Any expression whose value lies between 1 and 7 Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: FIELD address. ----- This directive indicates to PAGE8 the memory field at which assembly is to continue. It is similar to the ORG directive in that the expres- sion field must not contain any symbols that are defined at a later point in the source program. Should this occur, thed Q error flag will be lposted and the FIELD directive will be ignored in all assembly passes (an assembly phase error does not occur). Also, field settings may not go backwards, the operand field must contain a value that is greater and not equal to the current field setting. If an attempt is made to set the field backwards, the B error flag will be posted and the FIELD directive will be ignored. When the FIELD directive is encountered, the current page literal pool is output followed by the page zero literal pool. No page escape is generated and the assembly location counter is reset back to zero.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 54 of 90 20.20. FILE (Source program name) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: FILE Operand: Character string of up to 40 characters Comment: Treated as an extension of the operand field Mnemonic definition: FILEname for mail title. ---- The FILE directive should be followed by a character string of no more than 40 characters which will then be used as the main title on line 1 of the assembled source listing. The title begins with the first non- blank character in the operand field. The FILE directive will cause a page eject to be performed before listing the next statement. If the character string exceeds 40 characters in length, it will be truncated to that length without any error message. PAGE8 assumes that the first source statement will contain a FILE directive. If it is omitted, and the first statement is not TITLE or EJECT, the first line in the source file will not be listed properly (it will be listed by itself prior to the first page). The FILE dir- ective may actually appear anywhere in the source program. It is not restricted in use to the first statement in the source file and it may be used any number of times within a source file. Generally, PAGE8 programs use this directgive at the start olf each source file, so that one can tell immediately from the listing what the name of the associated source file is. See also use of the TITLE directive which is normally used for providing sub-headings within a source file.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 55 of 90 20.21. FREE (Expression) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: FREE Operand: Expression in the range 0-63 (decimal) Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: FREE up room on page. ---- This directive contains an operand field which specifies the minimum number of free locations to be reserved at the end of each PDP-8 memory page. The default value set by PAGE8 at the beginning of each pass is zero, indicating that most memory pages will be completely packed. This directive may appear anywhere and any number of times within the source program. This directive is particularly useful during the debugging stages of a program. With this directive, the programmer can ensure that there is plenty of room on each page for patching purposes. Once debugged, the FREE statement can be removed, thus restoring the optimal packing density for the program. Note that this directive specifies the minimum number of free loca- tions to be reserved. Because of the way in which instructions are assembled, it is entirely possible that one or two extra locations will be left free. This can happen when a skip instruction occurs right at the end of a page, or when some expressions that were undefi- ned in pass 1 are found to resolve to the same entry in the literal lpool during subsequent passes.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 56 of 90 20.22. GAP (Expression),(Expression),(Expression) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: GAP Operand: Three expressions separated by commas Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: object GAP. --- This is a highly unusual assembly directive that is provided to enhance the usefulness of the automatic paging feature of PAGE8. This directive is followed by three expressions in the operand field. The first expression will contain the field address of the gap as value in the range 0-7. The second expression will contain the 12-bit starting address of the object gap, and the third expression will contain the number of words in the gap. The latter two expressions should be multiples of 128 (e.e. on a page boundary). Object gaps may not lie below location 0400 in a field. During automatic pagination of the source program, PAGE8 checks to see if the next page lies within a specified object gap. If it does, the page(s) specified in the gap are skipped over and assembly continues at the first free page after the gap. This skipping over object gaps only occurs in ISEC 0. In ISEC area 1, object gaps are always ignored. When skipping over an object gap, PAGE8 adjusts the final entry in the previous page's literal pool to ensure that the paging link correctly jumps over the object gap. This means that the programmer can reserve pages at the beginning of the program without having to be concerned about overlaying them with subsequent source code. There is room for the specification of 4 object gaps in each of the 8 memory fields. The Y error flag will posted if this limit is exceeded. This directive can be useful for reserving data space at specified locations within a program. Also, these object gaps can be filled in later with code by switching to ISEC 1 and setting the origin to the start of the object gap.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 57 of 90 20.23. ISEC (Expression) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: ISEC Operand: Expression with a value of 0 or 1 Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Instruction SECtion. - --- The operand field must contain an expression who value is either zero or one in order to select on of the two instruction sections. Each instruction section has its own set of location counters (12-bit loca- tion counter, field location counter and AFIELD location counter). PAGE8 defaults to instruction section 0 at the start of each pass. When switching between instruction section areas, a page break is forced in the old ISEC area (if necessary) and the saved assembly location counters for the new area are loaded. Two instruction sec- tions are provided in order to overcome the restriction in PAGE8 of setting an origin backwards. If there is a need to go backwards, a switch can be made to the other instruction section whose location counters have not been affected. Extreme caution is required in the correct handling of this feature. In particular, problems can arise in switching between ISEC areas where the assembly fields are different. In general, both ISEC areas should be updated at the same time. The reason for this is that when switching between ISEC areas, the page zero literal pool is not out- put. This could cause literals from both fields to be stored in the same pool. The page zero literal pool is not output in order to make it possible to briefly switch instruction sections and back again without losing all the page zero literals. In most cases, the programmer will find that it is best either to update fields in both areas at the same time, or to only switch sec- tions once in a program, preceding the instruction section switch with a FIELD directive to ensure that the page zero literals are output in the correct memory field.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 58 of 90 20.24. LFIELD (Expression) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: LFIELD Operand: Expression in the range 0-7 Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Load FIELD. - ----- The operand field should contain an expression in the range of 0-7. The field setting is punched on the object code during pass2. Neither the current assembly field nor the location counter are reset and the page zero literals are not affected. On the listing, all the addresses will have an asterisk posted after them to indicate that the actual address on the listing differs from the address at which the assembled object code will be loaded. Relocation of the object code will remain in effect until an ORG or FIELD directive is encountered. Either of these directives will remove the relocation. See also the use of the LOAD directive which effects relocations within a memory field.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 59 of 90 20.25. LINK (Operation code) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: LINK Operand: Any PAGE8 operation code Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: LINK definition. ---- The LINK directive causes the referenced operation code to be inserted back into the PAGE8 operation code tables. If it is already in the table, this directive has no effect and functions as an ANOP. The LINK directive is generally used within a macro who function is to trap out some standard PAGE8 operation code in order to provide some extra feature. The example below should clarify the use of the LINK and UNLINK dir- ectives. This macro traps out the LIST directive in order to get the directive listed (PAGE8 normally suppresses the listing of this dir- ective) and also assert a LISTC directive as well: UNLINK LIST Set trap on LIST directive in main code * MACRO Macro to process trapped LIST LINK LIST ; Recollect standard definition LIST ; Turn on the listing UNLINK LIST ; Set `trap' again LISTC ; Turn on conditional list, too ! ANOP ; `LIST' gets listed here MSKIP ; Allow a preceding skip instruction MEND
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 60 of 90 20.26. LIST Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: LIST Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: turn on LISTing. ---- The LIST directive controls the listing output. If the listing had been turned off by a previous NOLIST directive, the listing is now turned back on. If the listing was currently on, this directive has no effect. The LIST directive is not listed by PAGE8. The LIST directive will not override the effect of the /L run-time option (which turns the listing off permanently).
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 61 of 90 20.27. LISTC Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: LISTC Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: LIST Conditional source. ---- - The LISTC directive controls the listing of statements that are not being assembled (dur to a prior AGO or AIF directive). This directive has the effect of causing the unassembled statements to be listed. PAGE8 defaults to a NOLISTC condition at the start of each assembly pass. The LISTC directive is not listed.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 62 of 90 20.28. LISTM Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: LISTM Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: LIST Macro expansion. ---- - The LISTM directive specifies that the source code generated during the expansion of a macro should be listed along with the macro call. PAGE8 defaults to a NOLISTM condition at the start of each assembly pass. This directive is generally used during debugging of complex macro definitions or in cases where the macro definition itself supplies useful documentation. The LISTM directive is not listed.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 63 of 90 20.29. LOAD Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: LOAD Operand: Any PAGE8 expression Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: LOAD origin. ---- The LOAD directive specifies that the following object code should be loaded at the address indicated by the expression in the operand field. This origin setting in punched on the object code output during pass 2. As with the LFIELD directive, the current assembly location counter is not affected, nor is the current page literal pool output. An asterisk will appear after the address field on the listing to indicate thatg relocation is in effect. PAGE8 adds the relocation constant (i.e. difference between load and assemblyu origins) when outputting the origin for the current page literal pool, so that cur- rent page literals and links are addressed correctly even when reloca- tion is in effect. The programmer should be aware, however, that the page escape and other paging links reflect values relative to the current location counter and not the address at which the object code will be loaded.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 64 of 90 20.30. MACRO Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: MACRO Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: MACRO definition. ----- This directive indicates that all subsequent statements up to the fol- lowing MEND directive comprise a macro definition. The next stgatement after the MACRO directive will be the prototype header statement which contains the name of the macro and the format of the arguments that will be passed to the macro. All subsequent body statements will be treated as part of the macro definition until the MEND directive is found, at which point the macro definition will be terminated. Although macro calls can be nested, macro definitions may not be nested, nor may a macro be defined with a macro. A detailed description of macros and macro definitions will be found in the section: PAGE8 MACRO PROCESSOR 19. (Pg. 25).
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 65 of 90 20.31. MEND Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: MEND Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Macro definition END statement. - --- This directive indicates the end of a macro definition. It also ter- minates the expansion of the macro definition when the macro is being processed. If this directive appears without a prior MACRO directive, the M error flag will be posted (macro syntax error). Conditional or unconditional assembly branches are not permitted across a MEND statement. If the assembly is off when the MEND dir- ective is found, the assembly is automatically turned back on again without generating an error message. More details on the use of macro directives can be found in the secion: PAGE8 MACRO PROCESSOR 19. (Pg. 25).
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 66 of 90 20.32. MEXIT Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: MEXIT Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: end Macro expansion and EXIT macro. - ---- When encountered during the expansion of a macro, PAGE8 terminates the expansion with this statement. MEXIT is identical to MEND except that it does not mark the end of a macro definition. MEXIT is provided to allow premature exits from the macro expansion without having to use assembly branches to the MEND statement. More details on the use of macro directives can be found in the secion: PAGE8 MACRO PROCESSOR 19. (Pg. 25).
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 67 of 90 20.33. MONR Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operatin: MONR Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: MONitor Return. --- - When the directive is encountered, PAGE8 immediately returns to the OS/8 monitor program by executing a JMP to location 07600. The purpose of this directive is to allow assembly to be aborted immediately in the event of some fatal error lcondition. It is generally used in conjunction with the ERROR: and NOTE: directives. For example, a program can check to see if it is using too much memory. If is it (and this is an absolutely hopeless error condition), the program can use the AIF directive to perform the check, the ERROR: directive to inform the user of the error condition and the MONR dir- ective to force an immediate abort of the assembly. This can be especially useful when PAGE8 is running under OS/8 BATCH.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 68 of 90 20.34. (Symbol) MSCAN (Expression),(Dummy macro agrument) Label: Symbol Operation: MSCAN Operand: An expression followed by a dummy macro argu- ment Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Macro argument character SCAN. - ---- This directive makes it possible to examine a single character in an argument (usually a substitution for a dummy macro argument) and obtain the value of the ASCII character code for that character. lThe character in the argument to be "scanned" is specified by the first expression. For example, if the argument begins with the letter `A' and the first expression has a value of zero, the symbol will be set to the value of 301 (octal) (the ASCII character code for the letter `A'. If the first expression had a value of 7, the 8th character in the string would be returned. This directive provides PAGE8 with a powerful character string proces- sing capability. The example below should help to clarify its use. This macro reads a string of characters until a carriage return code is found and then generates an ASCII text string where each character is stored right-justified, one character per word. MACRO .ASCII <STRING> ; Argument is character string PTR SET 0 ; Initialize character pointer .LOOP ANOP ; Loop here for next character CHAR MSCAN PTR,<STRING> ; Pick off next character AIF CHAR.NE.0215,.GO ; If CR, we are done MEXIT ; It was CR, all done .GO DC CHAR ; Generate the character AGO .LOOP ; Loop back for next character MEND To call the macro above, the text string would be passed as a single, extended argument (to avoid problems with blanks).
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 69 of 90 20.35. MSKIP Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: MSKIP Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: Macro SKIP permitted. - ---- This is a macro directive that inhibits PAGE8 from posting the "Il- legal Unprotected Statement" flag if it finds that the macro call is preceded with a skip instruction. It is often very easy to forget that a macro may generate a sub- stantial amount of object code from a single statement calling the macro. PAGE8 accomodates this common mistake by posting an error flag if it finds a macro call preceded with a skip instruction. Some macros, however, may not generate any object code, or may gen- erate only one instruction. In these cases, it would be permissable to precede the macro call with a skip instruction without having an error flag posted. By including the MSKIP directive at some point within the macro definition, PAGE8 will not execute the check for a preceding skip instruction when the macro call is encountered and will not post the error flag. Note that the MSKIP directive can appear anywhere in the macro definition--its position is not important. More details on the use of macro directives can be found in the secion: PAGE8 MACRO PROCESSOR 19. (Pg. 25).
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 70 of 90 20.36. NOCREF Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: NOCREF Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: NO Cross-REFerences. -- - --- The NOCREF directive inhibits the accumulation of cross-references to symbols until a later CREF directive is encountered. This directive is normally used in macros that contain iterative code. Use of this dir- ective inbigits generation of hundreds or possibly thousands of cross- references which are of no significant value. PAGE8 defaults to a CREF condition at the start of each assembly pass. The NOCREF cirective does not affect cross-reference accumulation of definitions. In particular, if a symbol is being constantly redefined with SET, references will still appear in the cross-reference dir- ectory even if NOCREF is in effect.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 71 of 90 20.37. NOLIST Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: NOLIST Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: NO LISTing. -- ---- The NOLIST directive controls the listing of the assembled program. If the listing was on, the listing is not turned off. If the listing was curfrently off, then this directive has no effect. The NOLIST dir- ective is not listed.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 72 of 90 20.38. NOLISTC Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: NOLISTC Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: do NOt LIST Conditional source. -- ---- - The LISTC directive controls the listing of statements that are not being assembled because of a prior AGO or AIF directive that turned off the assembly. When a NOLISTC directive has been encountered, PAGE8 will not list statements that are not being assembled. PAGE8 defaults to a NOLISTC condition at the start of each assembly pass.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 73 of 90 20.39. NOLISTM Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: NOLISTM Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: do NOt LIST Macro expansions. -- ---- - The NOLISTM directive specifies that only the assembled object code and macro call are to be listed during the expansion of a macro. NOLISTM cancels the effect of a prior LISTM directive. PAGE8 defaults to a NOLISTM condition at the beginning of each assembly pass.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 74 of 90 20.40. NOTE: (User-defined message) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: NOTE: Operand: Contains a user-defined text message Comment: Treated as a continuation of the operand field Mnemonic definition: print NOTE. ---- This directive is identical to the ERROR: directive except that no error condition is signalled. The error asterisks do not appear, and no entry appears in the cross reference cirectory of errors. However, the listing will be forced on, to ensure that this statement is list- ed. If will be printed during each pass when the statement is encoun- tered. The passes one and two, the message will always appear on the master terminal. In pass 3, the message will appear on the third pass list file.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 75 of 90 20.41. ORG (Expression) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: ORG Operand: Any valid PAGE8 expression Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: ORiGin setting. -- - The ORG directive sets the origin for subsequent assembly. The expres- sion in the operand field is evaluated and becomes the new origin for continuation of the assembly. A default origin of zero is assigned by PAGE8 at the beginning of each pass, or whenever a FIELD directive is encountered. If the origin is set backwards within a given ISEC area, the B error flag will be posted, and a HLT instruction assembled instead. A HLT instruction is assembled in order to force generation of object code so that the current location counter will be printed along with the flagged statement. This feature provides a convenient wasy of checking that a program does not go beyond a certain memory address. Any symbols in the operand field must have been previously defined in a prior source statement or the Q error flag will be posted and the origin will not be changed. This action takes place in all passes so that no assembly phase errors will occur.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 76 of 90 20.42. PAGE Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: PAGE Operand: Expression in the range 0-127 (decimal) Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: PAGE depth. ---- This directive is used to control the number of lines to appear on each page of the listing generated during pass 3. The operand field should contain an expression indicating the required number of lines. PAGE8 defaults to a page depth of 52 lines per page at the start of each assembly pass.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 77 of 90 20.43. PART Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: PART Operand: Treated as part of the comment field Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: PARTition local symbols. ---- When a PART directive is found, PAGE8 ensures that no previous for- ward, nor following backward local symbols "cross" this statement. Any attempts to reference a local symbol across a PART directive will cause the U error flag (unedfined symbol) to be lposted. If in a macro expansion, local macro symbols at the current nesting level are par- titioned. This directive is supplied in order to combat the difficulties that arise when a local symbol tag is missing: no error flag is posted and the reference will go forward or backwards until a tag is found with the same number. Obviously, there is no way that PAGE8 can determine that a local symbol tag is missing. However, by including frequent PART directives in a program, the programmer can guard against this problem quite effectively.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 78 of 90 20.44. PUNCH (Expression) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: PUNCH Operand: Any valid PAGE8 expression Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: PUNCH object code. ----- The PUNCH directive specifies that the 8-bit value of the expression in the operand field is to be punched on the pass 2 object code with- out updating the assembly location counter. The 8-bit value is added into the binary checksum. If the value is greater than 8 bits, it is truncated to 8 bits without any error flag's being posted. By specifying a value with bit zero set (i.e. by adding the constant 4000 (octal)), the low order 8 bits will be punched as above but the value will NOT be added into the binary checksum. lThis directive caters to special loading programs other than ABSLDR or the standard paper tape binary loader. For example, the DEC typesetting loader has a special DECtape origin indication--DTORG. A macro can be easily written using the PUNCH directive to generate the special format needed by that loading program. As a cross-assembler, macros incorporating the PUNCH directive can generate special record headers, trailers, data formats and checksums for the object loader programs that run on that compouter. Macros can even be written to take an object byte and output it is a highly specialized format such as the BPNF standards require for burning ROMs.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 79 of 90 20.45. (Symbol) QUT (Expression),(Expression) Label: Symbol Operation: QUT Operand: Expression in range 0-7, followed by an ex- pression Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: eQUaTe to address. -- - The operand field should contain two expressions separated by a single comma. The first expression should be the 3-bit field address for the symbol in the range 0-7. The second expression should contain the 12-bit address within that field for the symbol. Offset references to symbols defined by QUT will be adjusted (if necessary) by the pagina- tion routines. In other words, QUT defines a symbol in the same way that it would have been defined if the symbol had appeared in the label field at the specified address. Note that the external symbol directory generated by the /D or /G run- time options defines all the symbolic addresses in terms of QUT state- ments. Offset references, however, should be used with great care since PAGE8 does not have access to the page mapping tables that were built during the previous assembly. To be safe, offset references should probably be avoided altogether when referencing symbols defined through an external symbol directory. See also the use of the EQU directive for defining symbolic addresses, since the EQU directive has some special features associated with its use in defining addresses.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 80 of 90 20.46. RADIX (Expression) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: RADIX Operand: An expression in the range 2-10 (decimal) Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: RADIX setting for untyped constants. ----- This directive sets a new radix in the range of 2-10 (decimal) for untyped constants. All following untyped constants will be evaluated in this specified radix. Radix settings do not affect the use of a precedent zero on untyped constants as an alternate way of expressing octal constants--a leading zero always specifies an octal constant. Also, the sign change warning posted on untyped constants applies only to decimal constants. This directive should be used with care. In particular, failure to reset the radix back again after its use could cause very obscure errors in a program. Also, the operand field for the RADIX directive should use a typed constant, since the current radix of untyped con- stants may not be known at that point. PAGE8 will always check that all digits used in an untyped constant lie within the radix specified by the RADIX directive. PAGE8 defaults to a radix of 10 (decimal) at the start of each assembly pass.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 81 of 90 20.47. RET Label: Symbol, sequence symbol or blank Operation: RET Operand: Any expression containing a symbolic address Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: RETurn from subroutine. --- The RET directive provides the normal way of exiting from a subroutine whose entry point has been defined with the SUB directive. If the subroutine entry point is on the same page as the RET, an indirect JMP instruction is assembled through the entry point to the subroutine. If the RET is on a different page, an indirect JMP is assembled through a paging link that points one location back from the subroutine entry point. In these cases, it will require two jumps to exit from the subroutine. The operand field to the RET directive must contain a symbolic address which appeared in the label field of a SUB directive. If PAGE8 fiends that this is not the case, the J error flag is posted. See also the description of the SUB directive and the section on SUBROUTINES.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 82 of 90 20.48. ROOM (Expression) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: ROOM Operand: An expression in the range 0-63 (decimal) Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: ROOM on page. ---- The ROOM directive takes an operand field which specifies the number of following locations which must be assembled together on a page. PAGE8 forces a premature page break if necessary. Prior definition of any symbols in the expression is required or the Q error flag will be postged and the directive will be ignored. Because of the complex nature of the ROOM directive, PAGE8 posts status flags on the listing to show approximately how many instruc- tions (or data) are covered by the ROOM directive. As a simply (al- though not totally accurate) guide, the following "rule" can be app- lied: 1 for data, 2 for instructions, 1 additional if the last instruction is a skip. Following this rule will guarantee proper coverage. In point of fact, this "rule" will often result in an unnecessarily high value since certain instructions (operates and page zero memory reference) will generally only require one location. On the other hand, current page references may require one or two locations depending on where the pages break, so it is probably best to use the conservative rule above.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 83 of 90 20.49. (Symbol) SET (Expression) Label: Symbol Operation: SET Operand: Any valid expression Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: SET value of symbol. --- The SET directive is identical in function to the EQU directive except that SET allows the symbol in the label field to be redefined to a different value withoput generation of an error condition. The expres- sion in the operand field is evaluated and assigned to the current value of the symbol in the label field and the old value (if any) is lost. In order to permit changing the value of the symbol, the symbol must have been originally defined with the SET directive. If the symbol had been originally defined with QUT or EQU or appeared as an address label, the value will not change and the R error flag will be posted to signify a redefinition error. As with EQU and QUT, any symbols in the expression must have been defined in a prior source statement; otherwise, the Q error flag (illegal forward reference) will be posted and the value of the symbol will remain unchanged.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 84 of 90 20.50. (Symbol) SUB (Expression) Label: Symbol Operation: SUB Operand: An optional expression Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: SUBroutine entry point. --- The SUB directive defines the entry point of a subroutine. PAGE8 assembles two contiguous instructions: the first is an indirect JMP instruction to the next location (which will always be on the same page as the first instruction). The second location is a data word that comprises the value of the optional expression. If the expression is omitted, a default data word of 7402 (octal) is automatically provided by PAGE8. The default HLT instruction is provided to trap out any bad jump instructions to the label when the program is first ex- ecuted. It is not necessary to define all subroutine entry points with the SUB directive. However, in order to make use of the RET directive and allow for automatic paging, it is always desirable to do so. See also use of the RET directive and the section on SUBROUTINES fur further description of handling subroutines in PAGE8. The provision for an optional expression in the SUB directive is made in order to allow for convenient implementation of coroutines in PAGE8. A typical coroutine entry is shown in the example below: COROUT1 SUB Coroutine entry point COROUT2 SUB 1F Initial linkage at 1H tag RET COROUT1 Coroutine exit point 1H ... Main-line code of coroutine ... JMS COROUT2 Call coroutine exit point ... Main-line code continues here
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 85 of 90 20.51. TEXT Label: Symbol, sequence symbol or blank Operation: TEXT Operand: Any text string enclosed in delimiting char- acters Comment: Permitted if closing delimiter is present Mnemonic definition: TEXT string. ---- The TEXT directive generates packed ASCII text strings. The first non- blank character after the operator should be the delimiter which will appear at both ends of the string of text. If no terminating delimiter is found, the text string will be closed out when the end of the line is found. The text string is converted so that successive locations are filled two characters per word with only the low order six bits of the ASCII character code's being stored. If the string contains an odd number of characters, the final 6-bit byte will be set to 00 (octal). If there is not enough room on the current page in an ISEC area, PAGE8 will force a premature page break and store the text string on the nextg free page. If a full word of zero is needed as a sentinel on the string, an "at-sign" (@) character can always be used as the final character of the text string.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 86 of 90 20.52. TITLE (User-defined sub-title) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: TITLE Operand: User-defined text string of 1-60 (decimal) characters for title Comment: Treated an an extension of the operand field Mnemonic definition: TITLE for listing. ----- The TITLE directive should be followed by a 1-60 (decimal) character text string which will then become the line 3 title (or sub-title) for the following pages of the assembly listing. An explicit page eject is performed before the next statement is listed. If the charfacter string is longer than 60 (decimal) characters, the remaining char- acters will be truncated without an error's being noted. Generally, the second line in any source file should be a TITLE dir- ective. The TITLE directive should be used frequently in the source program to aid in the identification of major program segments. As with the FILE directive, the TITLE directive is not listed so that both directives can be issued in succession without generating a blank page between them in the listing. The FILE, TITLE and EJECT directives do not cause an immediate page eject. They cause a flag to be set which indicates that a page eject will be needed in front of the next statement that will actually print on the listing. For example, 8 consecutive EJECT statements have the same effect as a single EJECT statement.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 87 of 90 20.53. UNLINK (Operation code) Label: Sequence symbol or blank Operation: UNLINK Operand: Any PAGE8 operation code Comment: Permitted Mnemonic definition: UNLINK operation code. ------ The UNLINK directive causes the referenced operation code to be rem- oved from the PAGE8 operation code tables. Subsequent use of that operation code forces PAGE8 to search the master symbol table in order to find out if that operation code has been defined as a macro. If not, the O error flag is posted for an undefined operation code. The operation code is removed on a temporary basis only and may be "rec- alled" by the use of the LINK directive. The primary purpose of this directive is to permit redefinition of standard PAGE8 operation codes by use of the macro facility. For ex- ample, when assembling a program for the PDP-8/I that was originally written for the PDP-8/e, the UNLINK directive could be used to delete the BSW definition. An appropriate macro could then be defined to generate in-line code or a subroutine call to emulate the BSW instruc- tion. This directive can also be used to trap PAGE8 operation codes for the purpose of providing some special feature (see the description of the LINK directive for an example). One final use of the UNLINK directive is to remove operation codes that conflict with the opera- tion codes of another computer when PAGE8 is being used as a cross- assembler for that computer. NOTE: careless use of the UNLINK directive can cause phase errors during assembly if the directive being unlinked has been used in a prior source statement. This can occur because PAGE8 does not relink all unlinked operation codes at the start of each pass. For this reason, one should be careful to include these LINK and UNLINK dir- ectives early in the program before any object code has been gen- erated. The fact that operation codes are not relinked at the start of each pass can be a useful feature in some special circumstances.
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 88 of 90 21. Alphabetic Listing of all Defined Operation Codes Legend: ------ mri memory reference. imri indirect memory reference. opr operate instruction (7xxx)(octal). iot I/O instruction (6xxx)(octal). oasm object code generating assembly directive. nasm non-object code generating asembly directive. nasm* assembly directive that causes information to be generated on the object file, but does not itself cause any information to be stored at any location within the program. AFIELD nasm AGO nasm AIF nasm ALIGN nasm AND mri ANDI imri ANDX oasm ANOP nasm AREAD nasm AS oasm BSW opr BYTE oasm CAF iot CAL opr (CLA CLL) CAM opr (CLA MQL) CDF iot CIA opr (CMA IAC) CID iot CIF iot CLA opr CLL opr CMA opr CML opr CREF nasm DC oasm DCA mri DCAI imri DCAX oasm DI oasm DSEC nasm DSI oasm EJECT nasm END nasm EQU nasm ERM nasm ERROR: nasm FIELD nasm* FILE nasm FREE nasm GAP nasm GTF iot
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 89 of 90 HLT opr IAC opr INC mri INCI imri INCX oasm IOF iot ION iot IOS iot IOT iot ISEC nasm ISZ mri ISZI imri ISZX oasm JMP mri JMPI imri JMPX oasm JMS mri JMSI imri JMSX oasm LAS opr (CLA OSR) LDI oasm LFIELD nasm* LINK nasm LIST nasm LISTC nasm LISTM nasm LOAD nasm* MACRO nasm MEND nasm MEXIT nasm MONR nasm MQA opr MQL opr MSCAN nasm MSKIP nasm NOCREF nasm NOLISTC nasm NOLISTM nasm NOP opr NOTE: nasm ORG nasm* OSR opr PAGE nasm PART nasm PUNCH nasm* QUT nasm RADIX nasm RAL opr RAR opr RDF iot RET oasm RIF iot RMF iot ROOM nasm RTF iot RTL opr
P A G E 8 -- MACRO ASSEMBLER, V-7B Sep.13, 1993 Page 90 of 90 RTR opr SET nasm SKP opr SMA opr SNA opr SNL opr SPA opr SRQ iot STA opr STL opr SUB oasm SWP opr SZA opr SZL opr TAD mri TADI imri TADX oasm TEXT oasm TITLE nasm UNLINK nasm



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